Developing Health Policies Essay -- Health Care

Health policies are developed and changed in order to mend access to care, control costs and expand quality. Each province will have its own challenges in accomplishing these goals dependent on the diversities of the population, including wealth, sanitation, education, location, and lifestyles.The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) changed the payment methodology for Medicare return plans to a model that provides resources based on the chronic conditions being cared for in the senior population. CMS had the three goals in mind with the creation of the Risk Adjustment Model. This form _or_ system of government change took ten years to implement fully. The difficulties and trials of developing health policies have no easy answers or fixes, but are meant to improve the health of the citizens of the country creating the policies.Challenges in Policy DevelopmentLevel of care providedIn an article by Jamison and Mosley (1991), they write the policy debate in international health has frequently been polarized around conflicting viewpoints on such issues as preventive versus curative services, selective versus comprehensive primary health care, or integrated versus vertical programs. As we approach the 21st century, it is becoming clear that framing the issues in these terms will not enlighten the policy process, primarily because it limits the options largely to actions that can be carried out directly by ministries of health. Profound social and economic transformations are projected to impact on health in the developing countries in the nineties and beyond implications for the epidemiological profiles of these countries will be dramatic. A more comprehensive analytical approach is required to formulate health policies that will not plainly respond t... ...easibly be provided, and what can be afforded is extremely important. No health policy will be perfect, but hopefully one can be established that will promote health care, education and healthy envi ronments for a majority of a countries population.Works CitedJamison, Dean T. and Mosley, W. Henry (1991). Developing Countries Health policy responses to epidemiological change. American Journal of Public Health, 81(1), 15-17. Mercurio, B. (2007). Resolving the public health crisis in the developing world problems and barriers of access to essential medicines. Northwest University Journal of supranational Human Rights, 5(1).Tantivess, S., Teerawattananon, Y., & Mills, A. (2009). Strengthening Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Thailand through the Establishment of the Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program. Pharmacoeconomics, 27(11), 931-945.

Devils Advocate Essays -- essays research papers

I believe that the theme of this film is, there is no such thing as a free luncheon. The story gives the lead money and power. The lead finds out that he needs to pay for it with his soul. The director has a clustering of ambition for the movie. He brings a lot of religion and ethics into the characters of the film by using subliminal symbolism. Even though the director tries to make a lesson out of the film, he makes the film with a lot of takes. This makes the film fast and very stimulating. Every detail of the screenplay is needed to make up the whole story. Given the directors ambition and intent, I think that he portrayed the story well. Subjectively, I did like this film. Even though the world is not entirely Christian, I believe we all take on religion. Religion does not have to revolve around a god, but religion revolves around or morality. I enjoyed this film because it dealt around someones decision to do the right thing. The film starts out in Gainesville, Florida. As s uccessful lawyer, Kevin Lomax, has never lost a case. During his trial defending an alleged babe molester in the form of a math teacher, he suddenly is caught up in the whole intriguing plot of the movie, that the smashed Milton, Chadwick and Waters, a powerful firm in New York asks him to come down to help select a jury. After, he and his wife are treated to luxury on that visit, Kevin is offered a speculate with the firm based on his talent. He was given all he could wish for, in the form of a huge apartment and great office. at that place are two main characters in this movie, Kevin Lomax, who is played by Keanu Reeves, and John Milton, who is played by Al Pacino. Kevin Lomax is a relatively good person, even though he is a lawyer. He has got a sixth sense he has intuitions when he picks his jury. His mother is a devout Christian in Gainesville and does not love of his life. She speaks at Kevin in scripture and he answers her back. He is not a practicing Christian though. Dur ing the church scene, you see Kevin go up to the church that he was in one case a big part of his life, but not in it. He is half in the light and half out of the light. He is a calm down and cocky character. He knows that he is an unbeaten lawyer. His expensive alligator skin boots are shown throughout the movie. In the first trial they show him with these boots while he is wearing a southern, cotton suit. These boots symbolize that he i... ... win but not at the expense of your humanity.I think that the message of the film producer is that there are choices that we make concerning everyday. We might be able to make unethical choice but maybe making the right choices. He is facial expression that you might not have to pay for your choices now but sometime down the road you are going to have to. I think that the statute title of the movie has a lot of meaning. The Devils Advocate has a meaning all to itself. In business it is a person that goes against the group thought. He tri es to get the get the group from getting groupthink (a stagnant cohesion of thinkers). Kevin was the devils advocate in his trials. Everyone knew that his defendants were dirty and bad people, but got them to think about how they were innocent of the crime they were under persecution of. Websters Dictionary says an advocate is one that argues for a cause, one that pleads in anothers behalf, a lawyer. During the Jewish Apocalyptic movement hellion went from Gods public prosecutor to an independent adversary. This sounds like what Kevin did. He was an Assistance District Attorney with a 640 record and accordingly went to work for the scum of the earth. Like father, like son.

Corruption of the American Dream in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Essa

The idea of the American Dream is it began as an idea people could thrive from, besides became detrimental through corruption. Societys necessity for material goods and money for personal happiness distorts the American dream. Ones ethics will be compromised once one decides to live a life for the sole purpose of following a corrupted ideal. In Hunter S. Thompsons literary work, alarm and Loathing in Las Vegas, his viewpoint of the American Dream is expressed. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, written by Hunter S. Thompson, expresses the decline of societys morals due to materialistic needs. Thompson proves through symbolism and characterization that societys corrupted perception of the American Dream provokes an individuals morals to decline.Las Vegas symbolizes the American Dream and shows the corruption of society. When Duke and his Attorney, Dr. Gonzo, are at the Merry-Go-Round Bar, Dr. Gonzo expresses that the counter-culture of Las Vegas is getting to him. Duke struggl es to accept what his Attorney says because he desires the Las Vegas lifestyle. Duke explains to Dr. Gonzo that they cannot leave Las Vegas, were right in the vortex and you take to quit.you must realize...that weve found the main nerve (Thompson 47-48), but Dr. Gonzo has already realized thats what gives him the Fear (Thompson 48). Duke and his Attorney thought that once they were in Las Vegas, the American Dream would be remarkable but they realize that the American Dream is not magnificent, there are downsides to it. Witnessing how society acts in the main nerve of the American Dream, Dr. Gonzo is stricken with fear because he knows the American Dream is not benefitting him. When Duke looks back at his memories of his journey in... ...ollow a path of destruction hindering ones life.Works CitedRiedel, Luther. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage go to the Heart of the American Dream. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 2 Mar. 2014 .Ross, Michael E. IN SHORT NONFICTIO N. vernal York Times, recent Edition (East Coast) ed.Aug 14 1988. ProQuest. Web. 2 Mar. 2014 .Self, Will. Hell, High Water and Heroin On the Trail of a British Gonzo Journalist to Compare with Hunter S Thompson. New Statesman 10.445 (21 Mar. 1997) 46-47. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Detroit Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 2 Mar. 2014.Thompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. New York Vintage, 1998. Print.

Free Essays on Invisible Man: Invisibility :: Invisible Man Essays

Invisibility in Invisible Man   Invisibility is usually taken to the extreme effect of truly being transp arent, unseen by anyone and is often depicted in society as the hero, going behind the enemys back to completed his mission. In Ralph Ellisons The Invisible Man this view of invisibility is turned around so that a man is in plain sight of everyone but do to a lack of observation nobody recognizes what he accomplishes. After beginning the novel as a man who stays quietly out of the musical mode by doing what he is told, he is forced to leave and mold his power into another use. This change puts him now into a position into which he most relates to societies ideal of invisibility, one who fights for fairer rights with still no one taking notice of him. Our nameless hero takes us on a journey that extends both concepts of an invisible dovish and aggressor.           The first form of our main character that we see is an anxious college stude nt who only wishes to please his superiors and do as they ask. Seemingly the perfect student, an incident occurs with a College Board member and involves the passive use of our narrators invisibility which infuriates the schools principal. The disagreement that followed included this statement Power doesnt have to show off. Power is confident, self-assuring, self-starting and self-stopping, self-warming and self-justifying. When you have it you know it which is verbalise by the schools Principal Dr. Bledsoe (Ellison 143). The first portion of the quote is Bledoes idea of invisibility and what the narrator will eventually learn which is that having power and invisibility can accede with each other. The continuation of the quote just continues to further extend on how one can be invisible and successful as long as they have these basic ideas like self-assurance and self-justification. This discussion with Bledsoe opens the narrators eyes to the real world and shows that being right doesnt mean you have power and without power you are nobody and remain invisible.           A changing point in the main characters eyes occurs when his moral uprightness takes a turn and he sees that in distinguish to succeed you may need to give up morals for support. After making an impassioned speech in front of a crowd, he is offered a job by communists to do the same for them but turns it down.

The Uncertainty of Happiness in Anton Chekhovs About Love Essay

In Anton Chekovs About Love Alekhin also known as Pavel Konstantinovich shares a story within a story about his peerless true love Anna Alekeevna with Burkin, the high school t distributivelyer and Ivan Inanovich, the veterinary surgeon.  The story shares how he and Anna grew to share an unconditional love for each other.  The two sacrificed their love for each other for the happiness of others since Anna was already married and had two children.  Later on in his life, Alekhin realizes that he had missed his one relegate of true love, when he had the chance they should have sacrificed everything and attempted to live a happy life together.  Although Alehins tone while telling his story seems to doubt the possibility of true happiness, it is not until afterward he is finished that he seems to understand that by not sacrificing and taking chances in life, you hinder your chance of ever-attaining true contentment.         Living in his own organise of futliarnost, Alekhin enforces the idea that ones own happiness is set upon the ideal they have envisioned for themselves.    I an educated man with a knowledge of languages, should, instead of devoting myself to science or literary work, live in the country, rush around like a squirrel in a cage, work hard with never a penny to visual aspect for it (198).   The term futliarnost is used to explain one who encasts himself physically, psychologically or morally in order to reduce the contact between oneself and the rest of the world.  Alekhins state of affairs with Anna comes in the form of a rejection of love, forcing him to keep busy with daily routines to keep his mind from pondering upon hi... ...hat he had the chance to be in love was a taste of happiness.  One must take chances and make sacrifices in order to obtain such a passionate emotion if that person refuses to change their slipway they may be pushing away a chance o f happiness that may only come once.  It is not until Alekhin is finished telling his story that he comes to realize many things about the situation and himself.  Others may look upon happiness as a state of mind you create for yourself, a state of contentment.  Alekhin was suitable to reach this state by occupying himself and achieving good in his life.  One can look upon this story as one of irreverence or a lesson in life.  Happiness is relative a person can create happiness or unhappiness depending on how they choose to act upon chances life and loved ones set out to them.     

The Uncertainty of Happiness in Anton Chekhovs About Love Essay

In Anton Chekovs About Love Alekhin also known as Pavel Konstantinovich functions a story within a story about his one true love Anna Alekeevna with Burkin, the high school teacher and Ivan Inanovich, the veterinary surgeon.  The story shares how he and Anna grew to share an unconditional love for each other.  The two sacrificed their love for each other for the happiness of others since Anna was already married and had two children.  Later on in his life, Alekhin realizes that he had missed his one chance of true love, when he had the chance they should have sacrificed everything and attempted to live a happy life together.  Although Alehins tone while telltale(a) his story seems to doubt the possibility of true happiness, it is not until after he is finished that he seems to understand that by not sacrificing and taking chances in life, you frustrate your chance of ever-attaining true contentment.         Living in his own for m of futliarnost, Alekhin enforces the idea that ones own happiness is set upon the ideal they have envisioned for themselves.    I an educated man with a knowledge of languages, should, instead of devoting myself to science or literary work, live in the country, rush around like a squirrel in a cage, work hard with never a penny to show for it (198).   The term futliarnost is used to explain one who encasts himself physically, psychologically or morally in ordinate to reduce the contact between oneself and the rest of the world.  Alekhins state of affairs with Anna comes in the form of a rejection of love, forcing him to keep busy with daily routines to keep his mind from broody upon hi... ...hat he had the chance to be in love was a taste of happiness.  One must take chances and make sacrifices in order to obtain much(prenominal) a passionate emotion if that person refuses to change their ways they may be pushing away a chance of happiness th at may provided come once.  It is not until Alekhin is finished telling his story that he comes to realize many things about the situation and himself.  Others may look upon happiness as a state of mind you create for yourself, a state of contentment.  Alekhin was able to reach this state by occupying himself and achieving good in his life.  One can look upon this story as one of irreverence or a lesson in life.  Happiness is relative a person can create happiness or lugubriousness depending on how they choose to act upon chances life and loved ones present to them.     

Civil rights DBQ Essay

Teakolya Gibson May 29, 2014 MS 390 805 Civil Rights DBQ Essay The civil rights lawsuit was a time period that can be defined as a large popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U.S. citizenship. The roots of the civil rights movement go back to the nineteenth century the movement was addressed in the 1950s and 1960s. African American men and women, also whites, organized and led the movement at national and local anesthetic levels. They pursued their goals through legal means, negotiations, petitions, and nonviolent protest demonstrations. The largest social movement of the 20th century, the civil rights movement influenced the modern womens rights movement and the student movement of the 1960s. In public schools African Americans faced inequality in their learning experience.According to the document the inequality Blacks faced were they were not involved as a great deal in school because of their ra ce, even though physical facilities are equal and also other real factors could be equal, the programs deprive children from minority groups of equal educational opportunities. From my understanding of the document, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown and declared that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional. The situation that led to Rosa lay getting arrested was on December 1, 1955 is when she refused to give up her seat to a White man because there were no more seating in their sphere on a Montgomery bus. Methods that African Americans use to deal with the inequality faced by the African Americans in that city were bus boycott, nonviolent protest, hands-off resistance, and peaceful protest.A method that was used to progress equality is sit-ins, pickets, taking part in a public demonstration, filling up all of the seats in a Restaurant, sitting at the lunch counter, and nonviolent protest. Two goals of the March on Washington in August 1963 were to get c rafts (equal employment opportunities), gain decent/acceptable housing, end segregation in Schools, gain more equal rights, increase the number of integrated facilities, end Jim Crow laws, gain balloting rights, end police brutality, attain first-class citizenship, get equal restaurant services, receive decent pay, and pass theFEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee) law, bring civil rights issues to the attention of the Government, and essay Washington that they needed to do something to improve civil rights. There were many methods recommended but W.E.B Du Bois thought that they should fight for their rights and equality. Booker T. Washington believed that they should get an education and spiel their way up to equality.The major trend in African American voter registration that is shown by the map above is that voting population of African Americans increased afterwards 1965, more African Americans were studyed to vote after 1965, more African Americans voted after 1965, mo re people voted after 1965. The two actions that were taken by the government were in 1964 the twenty-fourth amendment outlaws the pool tax in elections for federal office, and second was in 1965 Voting Rights Act prohibits literacy tests and makes it easier for African Social movement Americans to register to vote. Methods that were recommended to help African Americans achieve equality were nonviolence, nonviolent resistance, use of nonviolence as Jesus did, not unity hair of one head of one White person shall be harmed, no harm to White people. African Americans have made gains in racial equality.African Americans still face challenges in areas of equal rights such as economic inequality, economics, African Americans are not getting jobs because of the color of their skin, they are not being paid enough for their labor, jobs, and job Discrimination, making less money than whites, they are still in an economic pit. In conclusion, discrimination is still active in America today. E ven after the Civil Rights Movement, a disparity still exists in education, the work place and society. Today, unfortunately, discrimination and social segregation are more evident than it has ever been.

Housing Discrimination

Allyson Jones admit and Society Due October 11, 2012 Dr. Joyner Housing, Neighborhoods and Health Disparities Corina Graif, PhD, RWJF Health & Society Scholar at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Many aspects of internal admit conditions argon known to affect wellness. Limited but important evidence alike exists on the health implications of the socio-spatial context of lodgment.For instance, fear of abhorrence, crowding, neighborhood disadvantage, societal exclusion, and residents social exchange are linked to cardiovascular and mental health, obesity, diabetes and number one birth weight. In my dissertation work and related projects, I ask questions close to the spatial context of neighborhood effects to investigate how the urban geography of inequality and cumulative spatial disadvantage shape the health and well-being of the inner- urban center poor.Several important questions about the neighborhood and spatial context aspect of caparison remain critical to as k in our quest to chthonianstand and act on the constellation of factors organization health outcomes a) How do different spatially salient markers (such as nearby presence of annoyance hotspots federation health c go intos day wish well) interact with the neighborhood context in shaping health outcomes, employment, and health care. f) To what extent moving down(p) income families to high quality neighborhoods increases or decreases their access to health related resources and critical social networks and jobs? designate more about Moving to Opportunity and how neighborhoods impact residents health. http//www. rwjf. org/en/blogs/human-capital-blog/2012/01/ hold-neighborhoods-and-health-disparities. html RACIAL DISPARITY STILL HAUNTS lodgement MARKET July 3, 2003 By Anders Hoerlyck IN THEORY, the American caparison grocery is free and open. The compensate instal that high-inte quiet loans, many of which are illegal, are three times more likely in pocket-size- income neighb orhoods than in high-income areas, and quin times more likely in black neighborhoods than in white neighborhoods.HUD further noned that postowners in high-income black neighborhoods are six times as likely as homeowners in upper-income white neighborhoods, and twice as likely as homeowners in low-income white neighborhoods, to have got high- interest loans. An an early(a)(prenominal) study bring that black homeowners receive slight value for their homes than white homeowners. The study, which compared home values to homeowner incomes for owners of different ethnic and racial groups in the nations 100 largest cities in 1990, found that, equalizing for income, black homeowners received 18 percent less value for their homes than white homeowners white homeowners owned $2. 4 worth of stand for every dollar of income, eyepatch black homeowners owned only $2. 16 worth of house. The study further revealed that the 18 percent gap im tucker outd on black homeowners the so-called se parationism tax primarily results from a high degree of racial segregation in neighborhoods. Working poor face shortage of afford adapted living accommodations November 10, 1996 convey Sam Brown of San Francisco, who pays more than two thirds of his monthly income to keep his family in housing.Housing officials estimate more than five million families are in dire crack when it comes to paying for a place to live. The affordable housing shortage has worsened as officials have torn down high rise tenements, characterizing them as warehouses for the poor. more or less housing assistance programs have helped to ease the stress. http//articles. cnn. com/1996-11-10/us/9611_10_welfare. housing_1_affordable-housing-housing-assistance-programs-housing-officials-estimate? _s=PMUS Middle-income families facing housing shortageToday in America more than 3 million inhibit income families have a critical housing need despite working the equivalent of a full-time job, tell Michael Stegman, one of the authors of the study, Housing Americas Working Families. The report was commissioned by the Center for Housing Policy, a subsidiary of the National Housing Conference, which is a consortium of some 700 home builders and home lenders from crossways the country. http//articles. cnn. com/2000-06-02/us/housing. shortage_1_center-for-housing-policy-critical-housing-national-housing-conference? s=PMUS Housing at Risk AFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE June 2012 What you need to know about three key changes that could have a big impact on the preservation of existing affordable housing BY DONNA KIMURA AND CHRISTINE SERLIN Three key changes are poised to make a big impact on the preservation of existing affordable housing developments. These new moves two new programs and one policy change arrive at time when the affordable housing stock is shrinking. This amounts to nearly 60 percent of units with federal project-based letting assistance.Approximately 50,000 units are assisted under these programs, including about 25,000 units under the forward-looking Rehab program. Under the legislation, a demonstration program has been created that allows certain public housing and Sec. 8 Moderate Rehab properties to voluntarily convert to a long-term Sec. 8 rental assistance as a means of preserving these units. They could convert to either a project-based rental assistance contract administered by HUD and be eligible for renewal under the Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability Act or a project-based contract with a local public housing authority.As many as 60,000 units of public housing and Sec. 8 Mod Rehab housing may be converted under a competitive selection process. FHA PILOT PROGRAM Centerline Capital crowd provided about $2 million in low-income housing tax credit equity. The federal Housing Administration (FHA) has recently launched a pilot program that aims to hotfoot up the processing time for FHA-backed deals that use low income housing tax cr edits (LIHTCs). NONPROFIT SALES PROCEEDS During the 1960s and 1970s, HUD worked with nonprofits to finance thousands of properties under its mortgage insurance programs, including Sec. 21(d)(3), Sec. 231, and Sec. 236 of the National Housing Act. HUD reports that nonprofits own 39 percent of all Sec. 236 and 221(d) (3) properties with maturing mortgages. More than 700 of these properties have mortgages that pass on mature within the next 10 years, representing approximately 80,000 affordable housing units, including 42,000 with project-based rental assistance. Historically, there have been restrictions on nonprofit owners receiving proceeds from the sale of FHA-insured properties. ttp//www. housingfinance. com/ahf/articles/2012/june/0612-special-focus-Housing-At-Risk. htm Growth with Low Income Housing Published on Wednesday, October 31, 2007 Written by Trista Winnie Low income housing makes housing more accessible for many families There is a common misconception that low income housing today is of the like quality as the low income housing projects of the past. This misconception is a hurdle that low income housing developers and advocates have to work hard to overcome.Often, community members try to prevent low income housing from coming to their area, assuming that the stereotype that low income housing equals low quality housing is true. Low income residents have their own fears about belongings values. When cookery a low income housing development within a community, all kinds of fears come out, Greer said. Mixed use projects, incorporating low income housing and retail, are gaining popularity Another track in which developers are gaining acceptance is through production of mixed income developments, rather than strictly low income developments. Affordable housing is a problem for every community because the cost of housing and the sale prices of houses are going up faster than incomes. Low income housing developments that seek to be eligible for tax credits are required to be set aside as low income housing for a minimum of 30 years, according to the Danter Company. Financing is overly available for other types of low income housing through programs such as tax credit allocations, partnerships, low interest loans, grants and donations. For more on the Hope VI program and other sources of low income housing financing, see our article on Financing Low Income Housing Projects. ) The rehabbing of rundown low income housing projects is just one avenue through which developers can be involved in low income housing, but it should serve as an overall notice for all investors that the low income housing industry is not a glamorous one. Communities and sources of funding some(prenominal) favor those who are experienced in low income housing. Competition for low-income housing coin is fierce. http//www. uwireinvestor. com/articles/low-income-housing-51313. aspx Housing distinction far-flung among disabled, immigrants, minorities, others may 07, 2012Yvonne Wenger A survey of 549 community-based organizations suggests that housing discrimination is on the rise, particularly targeting disabled individuals, immigrants, minorities and families with children, according to the nonprofit Consumer Action. Housing discrimination is all too unrecorded and well in the United States today, Ken McEldowney, executive director, Consumer Action, said in a statement.Forty-eight percent of surveyed organizations called housing discrimination very serious. Forty percent said housing discrimination has gone up in the last two years 11 percent said discrimination has gone down. http//articles. baltimoresun. com/2012-05-07/business/bal-housing-discrimination-widespread-among-disabled-immigrants-minorities-others-20120504_1_housing-discrimination-minorities-and-families-baltimore-neighborhoods get over kinfolk 2007 New Housing, Income Inequality, and Distressed Metropolitan AreasBetween 1970 and 2000, both distressed and non- distressed metropolitan areas with rapidly growing income inequality experienced rapidly growing residential segregation by income. In distressed metropolitan areas betwixt 1970 and 2000, rising income segregation was associated with excess housing construction. In non-distressed metropolitan areas, there was no relationship amongst income segregation and excess housing construction. Rising income inequality and neighborhood income segregation accounted for 16 to 50 percent of new construction in distressed metropolitan areas betwixt 1970 and 2000.Policies that reduce income inequality can help reduce overbuilding and income segregation in distressed areas. http//www. brookings. edu/research/reports/2007/09/newhousing-watson The Links between Income Inequality, Housing Markets and Homelessness in atomic number 20 The housing market rapidly rising rents, the declining number of low-income rental units in the housing stock, and deceleration in federal housing programs. Homelessnes s in California tush Quigley, Steven that growing income inequality working through homelessness.Income inequality has grown substantially Distribution of Income in California (1996). Of Californias income distribution suggests that there income distribution. Better-quality housing, enter the cut-quality market, and the resulting higher(prenominal) rents suggest very low incomes can no longer afford housing and are forced that affect homelessness associated with greater homelessness. The links between income inequality and homelessness, income in a number of locations higher and incomes move lower), the greater the incidence of homelessness response to changes in income distribution.Decrease the average income of households in the lowest fifth increases in the homeless population. Policy Interventions which policy interventions in the housing market can lower homelessness rates one trend in federal programs built housing rates on lower-quality housing to encourage landlords to of income (currently 30 percent) in units available on the study uses simulation models to explore how homelessness under theatrical role 8) to all low-income households, targeted barely-standard housing, and a general maintenance subsidy the landlord programs maintenance program.The demand for and price of the lowest-quality housing, forcing out the lowest-income renters responses identified above would go to low-income households to make low-quality housing more affordable and thereby, Section 8 program and by compensating local governments very low end of the housing stock. www. ppic. org/main/publication. asp? i=211 Claudio Frischtak Benjamin R. Mandel Crime, House Prices, and Inequality The outcome of UPPs in Rio January 2012 Residential property prices are an important gauge of economic conditions writ large.Propertys location determinants of house prices can alter the level and diffusion of household wealth connection between crime and house prices. Document the relationship between crime and house prices. Distributional consequences of removing the public bad of crime that is, the removal of crime the degree of overall inequality among property values. Crime rate a propellent model of property valuation. Our observational work will show that decreasing crime does, in fact, benefit lower valued properties disproportionately, reducing the inequality among properties.House prices for the city of Rio de Janeiro since 2008. Both homicides and robberies coefficient measures the level of inequality of house prices across Rios neighborhoods. It objective of crime reduction residential property prices in Rios formal housing market, as well as on homicide and looting rates in each of Rios neighborhoods, we formally trial the hypotheses that Neighborhoods closer to a UPP station experienced big than average decreases in crime and larger than average increases in house prices after the UPP was put into place.Prices increased by an average of 5-10 percent, homi cides decreased by an average of 10-25 results to construct counterfactual price and crime rates and, with those, city-wide statistics. We note that since we do not observe house prices skyrocketing residential property prices in the formal housing markets surrounding the favelas. Having established that the UPPs influenced crime and house prices in opposite directions house prices. Returns to crime reduction this implies that properties with either high initial crime rates or current property values.This treatment of the dynamic transmission of crime rates into house prices is quite duration of crime rates in the past lower initial crime rates with low historical duration gives rise to the biggest increases in price when the crime rate declines. Implementation of the UPP policy counterfactual house prices described above shows that the disparity in house prices across Dispersion in property prices within those neighborhoods narrowed, suggesting that even change in the crime rate.Wo rks identifying the impact of crime and violence on property prices, with the paper by exploit both spatial and temporal variation in crime data to identify the effect on house prices, attention of historical crime rates. The present study uses more disaggregate price data, at on the implications of crime for the dispersion of house prices. First draw connection between crime reduction and wealth inequality. Our empirical measurement of the crime elasticity of house prices is connected to a crime rate as exogenous, which ay have coloured the elasticity estimates if, for example, crime occurs disproportionately in poorer neighborhoods with low property values or, conversely, if criminals target areas with higher-priced homes. (2009) found 12 instances in of a set of 18 empirical studies relating house prices and crime variation around an exogenous policy experiment, the UPPs in Rio to historical crime rates or the levels of property prices is a reasonable peter for the effect of c rime on house prices. www. newyorkfed. org/research/staff_reports/sr542.Housing and inequalities in health Professor Hoyden-Chapman The existence of debilitating inequalities in health across social groups has set out the first law of public health. People privileged by more education, income, the dominant ethnicity, higher status jobs, and housing standards, have better health than those with less education and income, minority ethnicity, lower status jobs, and poorer housing. Focusing on housing and neighborhood improvements have historically been key policy instruments to improve population health.Housing advance has been associated with health in a number of studiesthose who rent their houses appear to have poorer health than those who own their houses even after controlling for age, gender, and education. 5Housing for most households is their largest monthly ingestion and housing be in the survey were related to health. The psychosocial aspects of housing such as pride in a house and neighborhood showed an association with health status only before controlling for other variables.Several multilevel studies have shown that some neighborhoods are indeed bad for peoples health. 6Surveys to explore new associations and intervention studies to test causal links between housing and health are important. The social and economic aspects of housing, and the lack of it, continue to play an important part in generating inequalities in health. http//jech. bmj. com/content/56/9/645. full kelvin Building Saves $$$ Developers open their books to show low operating costs at green properties BY BENDIX ANDERSONAFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE April 2008 Thanks to these energy savings, the reserve accounts of the 600 green affordable apartments in the portfolio of Homestead Capital are an average 36 percent larger than the rest of Homesteads affordable portfolio. The apartments were built to a variety of green standards. Early operating data from the green portfolio of Ente rprise Community Partners, Inc. , shows energy savings of up to 40 percent, compared to properties built to the standards of local building codes.Of course, the biggest energy savings are at projects built to the toughest green standards. Denny Park also meets the demanding standards set by Enterprise for its Green Communities investments. It cost Denny Parks owners, the Seattle-based Low Income Housing Institute (LIHI), a total of $1,000 per apartment in utility expenses to operate Denny Park in 2007, from electricity to hot weewee to trash pickup. Thats as much as $200 per apartment lower than the utility costs at LIHIs other affordable properties.Conserving water green developers and investors also report steep savings on their water bills, which are 35 percent to 40 percent less on average than water costs at equal properties, according to information from the portfolio of green properties in Enterprises Green Communities Initiative. Denny Park racked up savings, with water an d sewer costs of $188 per resident, compared to $235 and $322 per resident at LIHIs comparable properties. Saving water also helps keep the hot water heating costs down.Denny Parks hot water bill was just $133 per apartment in 2007, just about a quarter less than at LIHIs comparable properties. It cost $102 per apartment to haul trash away from Denny Park in 2007. Green projects have low turnover Tenants are also less likely to move out of green affordable housing properties, according to developers. Many residents appreciate the improved fashion quality at green building projects, said Oberdorfer. http//www. housingfinance. com/ahf/articles/2008/apr/FOCUSGREENBUILDINGSAVES0408. htm Towns get new deadline for affordable housing July 01, 2004Last year, the General Assembly passed the Affordable Housing Planning and collection Act, which encourages municipalities with less than 10 percent affordable housing to develop a plan to increase that percentage. http//articles. chicagotribu ne. com/2004-07-01/news/0407010376_1_municipalities-towns-percentage-points HUD program to target jobs for poor residents November 23, 1993By Eric Siegel Eric Siegel, round Writer Baltimore will serve as a pilot program for a national effort to channel more federal housing funds toward low-income residents and minority businesses, officials announced yesterday.HUD also promised stricter enforcement of the so-called Section 3 requirement, part of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968. HUD estimates the federal money could support ccc low-income jobs in the city. City housing officials could not immediately say how much of the federal housing money the city receives goes to fulfilling the Section 3 requirement. Of 85 city residents hired to renovate units at Cherry Hill Homes, 26 were public housing residents, they said. http//articles. baltimoresun. com/1993-11-23/news/1993327087_1_public-housing-residents-federal-housing-housing-and-urban numerate housing disparities con tinueBy Brandt Williams Minnesota Public Radio September 17, 2002 For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming economy and buyer-friendly housing market helped many Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket. Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is slightly higher than for Hispanics.American Indians have the lowest statewide median home value, at $78,000. Asiatic American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the states largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000. Goetz says this gap in home values will feast future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. ttp//news. minnesota. publicradio. org/features/200209/17_williamsb_censushousing Environ Health Perspect. 2005 May 113(5) A310A317 PMCID PMC1257572 Environews Focus Dwelling Disparities How Poor Housing Leads to Poor Health For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming economy and buyer-friendly housing market helped many Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket.Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is slightly higher than for Hispanics. American Indians have the lowest statewide median home value, at $78,000. Asian American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the states largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000.Goetz says this gap in home values will feed future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257572 Disparities in Risk To a large extent, disparities in health and access to care among minorities reflect disparities in socioeconomic status. The fact that minority populations on average are poorer than whites underlies many health disparities.Health insurance coverage and access to preventive care play a major role in determining health outcomes. Although insurance coverage i mproves access to health care, minority children have less access to primary medical care than white children, even after accounting for differences in insurance coverage, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Inadequate routine and preventive care increases a childs incidence and burden of disease. Hospitalization for asthma generally is avoidable if the disease is well managed.Poverty, substandard housing, inadequate access to health care, lack of education, and failure to adequately control asthma with medication all contribute to asthma episodes and deaths. Ethnic minorities also experience poorer cancer survival rates than whites. According to the American genus Cancer Society, cancer mortality rates are 40 percent higher for African-American men than white men. Efforts to eliminate health disparities are underway both nationally and locally. NIEHS and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have supported several urban asthma studies. Many states also have created offices addressing minority health.The HHS OMH funds health projects conducted by minority community and national organizations, maintains minority health consultants in HHS Regional Offices, and operates a Resource Center on minority health issues. The National Institutes of Health also has a National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities to coordinate research, training, and outreach programs surrounding health disparities. Due to the severe link between socioeconomic status and health disparities, programs designed to improve the socioeconomic status of minorities also could help to reduce health disparities.Focusing on properties that pose the greatest health risks, which are overwhelmingly older, low-income, and in substandard condition, will yield the greatest improvement in health outcomes and address the striking health disparities borne by low-income and minority families. http//www. afhh. org/ifc/ifc_disparities. htm A growing number allege u nfair treatment in housing market Updated 9/29/2007 Nearly 40 years after a national law banned housing discrimination, an increasing number of complaints are alleging unfair treatment of minorities, the disabled, families and other groups.The Department of Housing and Urban Development and housing assistance agencies logged 10,328 complaints last year, a 12% jump from 2005. Between 2002 and 2006, seven states and the District of Columbia averaged more than 10 housing discrimination complaints per 100,000 housing units, according to the GNS analysis. The average state rate was 7. 6 complaints per 100,000 units. The 1968 Fair Housing Act, amended in 1988, bans discrimination in the housing market based on disability, race, sex, national origin, religion, skin color or whether a family has children.Reasons for the growing number of discrimination complaints vary, housing officials say. Agencys performance criticized Last year, 36% of the complaints to HUD were settled. Federal offici als and fair housing advocates say its difficult to know whether housing discrimination is on the rise in a particular area. Private housing groups also get complaints that arent included in the data. In almost one third of counties, no housing discrimination complaints were filed with HUD or its contract agencies between 2002 and 2006. Housing discrimination complaints related to disability are as common as those related to race.Nationally, disability-related cases accounted for 40% of complaints filed with HUD and its contract agencies last year. Race-related complaints accounted for 39%. Housing experts expect disability complaints to jump as the nations population ages and older Americans better understand their housing rights. Last year, HUD dismissed 40% of complaints, citing lack of evidence. One reason may be that housing discrimination today can be subtler. HUD must investigate discrimination complaints within 100 days. http//usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/2007-09 -28-housing-main_N. htm

Acknowledgement Paper Essay

First of all, we would like to thank our Almighty God for freehanded us the determination to complete this project and to improve ourselves in a situation that we never imagined that the developer can surpassed. The courage to make this work done with the strength, time and efforts that the proponents have.Second, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Ms. Liz Manalansan, manager of Avon Muntinlupa. To Mr. Jandy and all staffs of the said company for giving enough information. In regard with this we would like to thank also Prof. Nino Del Monte, thesis adviser, for the continuous support, patience and motivation, and for unselfishly sharing his expertise from the initial to the final direct of this academic endeavor, to the panelist for their encouragement , insightful comments, and intellectual guidance.To all my friends in PLMun and specially our section BSCS 4B for not letting anyone lose hope and giving severally of us determination and encouragement.With all effort s, time, and the knowledge the proponents put into, this just prove that Everything is possible. Just believe. To God Be the Glory

Pakistani Art and Culture Essay

Culture and Components of CultureCultureCulture is the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a deducticular social, pagan, or age group In the twentieth century, cultivation emerged as a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of human phenomena t get into targetnot be attri more(prenominal) everywhereed to genetic inheritance. Specific whollyy, the term culture in American anthropology had two meanings the evolved human capacity to kindify and represent experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively and (2) the distinct ways that pack living in antithetical move of the world classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively. Distinctions ar currently made between the physiological artifacts created by a society, its so-called material culture and everything else,3 the intangibles such(prenominal) as spoken communication, customs, etc. that ar the main referent of the term culture.Components of CultureLanguage.Langu age is a sort out of symbols used to assign and communicate meaning. It enables us to get to or label the things in our world so we can think and communicate about them.Norms.Norms be humanly created rules for behavior. Norms atomic number 18 considered as rules and expectations eventually set by a particular society that serve as guides to the behavior of its members. It varies in the terms of the point in times of importance and might be change over a period of time. It is reinforced by sanctions in the forms or rewards and punishments. These are standards accepted by society culturally and serves as obligatory and expected behaviors of the commonwealth in different situations in life.Types of norms* Folkways* Taboos* Rituals* Social Control* Ideologies, beliefs, and set.* Physical and verbal reactions.* Embarrassment and stigma.ValuesValues are anything members of a culture take to or hold in high esteem. Values are things to be achieved, things considered of great wort h or value. Values are human creations. They are social products. Values can and do be lift reified. Values can be renegotiated and changed. While people and groups may disagree as to which are or so important, Examples * Democracy, liberty, freedom, independence, autonomy, and one-on-one rights.* Capitalism, competition, hard work, self-discipline, and success.* Wealth, prosperity, materialism, and consumerism.* Equity, fairness, and justice.* Equality of opportunity.* Love, compassion, humanitarianism, charity, servicing, and respect for others.* Tolerance, forgiveness, and acceptance.* Faith, godliness, family, conformity, and tradition.* Nationalism, patriotism, civic responsibility, and loyalty.* Health, happiness, and life.* Education, knowledge, science, technology, and innovation.* Complimentary and conflicting set.A groups values tend to compliment and support one another. They tend to be in agreement and make sense when considered together. A careful look at the valu es above reveals sets of values that seem to go together. However, it is besides possible for values to contradict and conflict with each other, e excessly in complex modern industrial societies. For example, competition and success can be seen as contradictory to humanitarianism, compassion, service and self-sacrafice while equity and justice contradict forgiveness and conformity and tradition contradict tolerance and acceptance. In fact, legion(predicate) a(prenominal) social and political problems can be seen as conflicts between groups emphasizing different values.Beliefs and ideologiesBeliefs are the things members of a culture hold to be true. They are the facts accepted by all or approximately members. Beliefs are not limited to religious maintainments, but include all the things a people know and accept astrue, including common sense routine knowledge. Like all other cultural elements, beliefs are humanly created and produced. They are collective social agreements pro duced during interaction and reified over time. What is true or factual for a given people is what they collectively agree to be true at that point in time.Beliefs can and do change, especially in modern industrial societies. Today we laugh at things our grandparents used to believe and chances are that our grandchildren will laugh at galore(postnominal) of our beliefs as wellhead. This suggests that their is no absolute knowledge or absolute truth. All knowledge and truth is relative. Ideologies are integ dictated and connected systems of beliefs. Sets of beliefs and assumptions connected by a common theme or focus. They are oft are associated with particular social institutions or systems and serve to legitimize those systems.* Capitalism.* Christianity (Protestantism).* Individualism* Scientism* Sexism.* Racism.Ideologies are, themselves, often related and connected to each other in complex ideological systems, such that one ideology makes sense when considered with another. They in any case often serve to legitimize each other. Religious ideologies often encompass or subsume many of a cultures ideologies, giving them added legitimacy.Statuses and Roles.Status, although related, is not a measure of a persons wealth, power, and prestige. To speak of high or low status is somewhat misleading. A status is a slot or position within a group or society. They tell us who people are and how they fit into the group. original statusesage, sex, race, class.Status, prestige, wealth, and power.Roles are norms specifying the rights and responsibilities associated with a particular status. The term role is often used to mean both a position insociety and role expectations associated with it. Roles position what a person in a given status can and should do, as well as what they can and should expect from others. Roles provide a degree of stability and predictability, telling how we should respond to others and giving us an idea of how others should respond to us. R oles are negotiated and produced during interaction, and often become reified over time. However, roles can be renegotiated and changed. heathen Integration. ethnic integration refers to how interconnected, complimentary, and mutually supportive the various elements of culture are.Cultural heritageCultural heritage ( case heritage or just heritage) is the legacy of physical artifacts (cultural property) and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, defeatscapes, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as clanlore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant killscapes, and bio variation). The deliberate act of tutelage cultural heritage from the present for the future is known as Preservation (American English) or Conservation (British English), though these terms may have more specific or technical meaning in the same contexts in the other dialect.Cultural property (tangible)Cultural property includes the physical, or tangible cultural heritage, such as buildings and historic places, monuments, books, documents, works of art, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of deliverance for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, computer architecture, science or technology of a specific culture.intangible cultureIntangible cultural heritage consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The ways and means of behavior in a society, and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. Theseinclude social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human acti vity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious and philosophic values of a particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects.FolkloreOral historyLanguage preservationCultural Heritage of PakistanPAKISTAN, LAND AND PEOPLEPakistan, which means land of the pure, is the inheritor of a long and varied history, rich in cultural traditions. Its sands have been the playground and burial place for some of the greatest imperialists and adventurers. The land has attracted scholars and mystics, adventurers and missionaries. It is not easy to categorize Pakistanis. They belong to different tribes and ethnic groups and speak different languages. It has been shaped and united by a common faith for centuries, through the message of love, peace, dignity and support for the poor preached by the Sufis who came to the region centuries ago.THE LAND OF INDUSA young nation created in 1947, Pakistan is the inheritor of an ancient past. A country of dramatic landscapes, it is home to eight of the worlds highest peaks, including the breathtaking K2. From the Karakorams in the coupling, monster glaciers spill down the mountain slopes, melting as they reach lower altitudes to fill the gorges with racing torrents of water. This is the home of the spring known as the Mouth of the king of beasts, from where the Indus flows down, cutting its way through barren, forbidding terrain. The river twists through Pakistan for more than 2,800 kilometers. By the time it reaches the rich alluvial plain of the Punjab it has matured, flowe slower and slower as it meanders through Sindh onwards ending in the warm waters of the Arabian Sea near the port of Karachi. The Indus has been the lifeblood of thispredominantly agricultural economy through the millennia, slavish in shaping the history and culture of the region.Center of the Indus Valley Civi lization, one of the oldest river valley civilizations of the world, it was home to an advanced urban culture and a sophisticated flock network which included the ticker East and Egypt. By virtue of its accessibility through passes to the north and north- double-u, as well as via the coastline bordering the Arabian Sea, the land that became Pakistan has been the bailiwick of adventurers and invaders, scholars and mystics. Invasions by the Greeks under black lovage, the Huns, the Arabs, and the commutation Asian tribes who settled to form the Muslim Slave Dynasty and later(prenominal) the Mughal Empire leftover their mark on the culture, faith, language and physical appearance of its people.The region that is now Pakistan fostered Buddhism at Gandhara in the north, and Sikhism at Nankana in the Punjab. For several centuries, however, it has been predominantly Muslim. Muhammad bin Qasim, who secured the territory around Multan in the early one-eighth century, introduced Islam to the region with epic consequences, making it a defining force that unites the nation even today. Known for its breathtaking, dramatic landscapes, home to the highest range of mountains in the world, the Karakorams, and to the Lion River, the Indus, Pakistan has a rich history.Indus CivilizationThis land also witnessed the glorious era of Indus civilization about 8000 long time B.C when the prototypal village was found at Mehargarh in the Sibi rule of Balochistan comparable with the earliest villages of Jericho in Palestine and Jarmo in Iraq. Here, during the last decade i.e., 1980s, the French and Pakistani archaeologists have excavated mud built houses of the Mehargarh people and their agricultural land known for the cultivation of maize and wheat, together with polished stone tools, beads and other ornaments, painted jars and bowls, drinking glasses, dishes and plates. The archaeologists believe that by 7000 B.C., the Mehargarh people learnt to use the coat for the first time. From the first r developing of agricultural life the man moved to another great revolution in his social, cultural and economic life. He naturalised heap relations with the people of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran and the Arab world. He not only specializedin painting different designs of pottery, made varieties of pots and used cotton and wool but also made terracotta figurines and imported precious stones from Afghanistan and Central Asia. This early bronze age Culture spread out in the countryside of Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab and North West landmark Province of Pakistan.This early beginning led to the concentration of devourulation into the small towns, such as Kot Diji in Sindh and Rahman Dheri in Dera Ismail Khan District. It is this social and cultural throw that led to the rise of the famous cities of Moenjodaro and Harappa, with largest concentration of population including artisans, craftsmen, businessmen and rulers. This culminated in the peak of the Indus Civilizat ion which was primarily establish on intensively irrigated agricultural land and overseas trade and contact with Iran, Gulf States, Mesopotamia and Egypt. Dames were built for storing river water, land was cultivated by means of bullock-harnessed plough a system which still prevails in Pakistan, granaries for nutrient storage were built, furnace was used for controlling temperature for making red pottery and various kinds of ornaments, beads of carnelian, agate, and terracotta were pierced through and above all they traded their finished goods with Central Asia and Arab world.It is these trade dividends that enriched the urban populace who true a new sense of moral honesty, discipline and cleanliness combined with a social stratification in which the priests and the mercantile class dominated the society. The picture of high civilization can be ga in that locationd only by looking at the city of Moenjodaro, the First Planned metropolis in the World, in which the streets are align ed straight, parallel to each other with cross streets cutting at right angles. It is through these wide streets that wheeled carriages, wasted by bulls or asses, moved about, carrying well-adorned persons seated on them appreciating the closely aligned houses made of pucca-bricks, all running straight along the streets. And then through the warmheartedness of the streets ran stone dressed drains covered with stone slabs a practice of keeping the streets clean from polluted water, seen for the first time in the world.Gandhara CivilizationPakistan is the land which attracted Alexander the great from Macedonia in 326 B.C., with whom the lure of Greek culture came to this part of theworld. During the 2nd century B.C., it was here that Buddhism was pick out as the state religion which flourished and prevailed here for over 1000 years, starting from 2nd century B.C., until tenth century A.D. During this time Taxila, Swat and Charsaddah (old Pushkalavati) became three important centr es for culture, trade and learning. Hundreds of monasteries and stupas were built together with Greek and Kushan towns such as Sirkap and Sirsukh both in Taxila. It was from these centres that a unmatched art of sculpture originated which is known as Gandhara Art all over the world.Today the Gandhara Sculptures occupy a prominent place in the museums of England, France, Germany, USA, Japan, Korea, China, India and Afghanistan together with many private collections world over, as well as in the museums of Pakistan. Nevertheless, the zenith of this Gandhara Art is one and only moderation Buddha now on display in Lahore Museum, Lahore. Finally, the vindicated of Islam penetrated in this part of the world as early as 7th century AD. from the west with the Arabs and during the 10th century AD from the north with the Turks. Islam replaced the early way of life of worshipping idols and introduced new philosophy of faith in one God.With Islam in came a new culture in this land from Arab ia and Central Asia. Hence, a new type of architecture, hitherto unknown in this area, was introduced. Tens of thousands of Mosques, Madrassahs, tombs and gardens were created by the Muslim rulers all over the Sub-Continent. The new fashion of Islamic architecture prevailed and matured in this land for over a thousand years. The most important contribution of the Muslim rulers to this land, however, is a new language Urdu which became the national language of Pakistan since its independence in 1947.Islamic PeriodThe light of Islam penetrated in this part of the world as early as 712 A.D from the west with the Arab universal Muhammad bin Qasim and during the 10th century A.D from the north with the Turk Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah ( better known as Mahmud Ghaznavi). Islam replaced the early way of life of worshipping idols and introduced new philosophy of faith in one God. With Islam in came a new culture in this land from Arabia and Central Asia. Hence, a new type of architecture, hi therto unknown in this area, was introduced. Tens of thousands of Mosques, Madrasahs, tombs and gardens were created by the Muslim rulers all over the Sub-Continent. The new style ofIslamic architecture prevailed and matured in this land for over a thousand years. The direct settle of the Muslim Rulers was not only confined to the architecture their food added a variety of new dishes in the Sub-Continental cuisine. The national dress of Pakistan, Shalwar Qamiz is also a direct gift of the Muslim Turks.Since the mother tongue of the Muslim Rulers was Arabic, Turkish and Farsi, it was only natural that the local languages of the Sub-Continent were greatly influenced and new language was introduced. Thus the most important contribution of the Muslim rulers to this land is a new language Urdu which became the national language of Pakistan since its independence in 1947.British Period 1857 1947Just before the independence of Pakistan this land remained a part of the British Empire for almost a century. Hence the British culture also left an impact on the life of the people of Pakistan. Amongst the British legacy a new form of architecture which is a blend of Islamic and the Western Architecture emerged. This colonial architecture in the form of Residential Bungalows, Educational Institutions, Churches and Railway Stations is still very attrative and in a good condition. Examples of the British Architecture can be seen in all the major cities of Pakistan. The British patronage towards introducing Railways in the Sub-Continent is indeed a great gift and the operational railroad and railway stations in Pakistan today are the same laid and built by the British before 1947. Old Presidency in Rawalpindi, Rest house in Ziarat, Empress grocery store Karachi, Punjab Universitys old Campus, Islamia College Peshawar, and Cathedrals in Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar are just hardly a(prenominal) examples of the British Heritage.The British Empire, however, cease d to exist in this part of the world after 14 exalted 1947.Lecture IICulture of Pakistan and Characteristics of Pakistani Culture The society and culture of Pakistan (Urdu ) comprises numerous divers(a) cultures and ethnic groups the Punjabis, Kashmiris, Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south Baloch and Pashtun in the west and theancient Dardic, Wakhi, and Burusho communities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly influenced by many of the surrounding countries cultures, such as the Turkic peoples, Persian, Arab, and other South Asian ethnic groups of the Subcontinent, Central Asia and the Middle East. In ancient times, Pakistan was a major cultural hub. Many cultural practices and great monuments have been inherited from the time of the ancient rulers of the region. wholeness of the greatest cultural influences was that of the Persian Empire, of which Pakistan was a part. In fact, the Pakistani satraps were at one time the richest and most productive of the massive Persian Empire.Other signalise influences include the Afghan Empire, Mughal Empire and later, the short-lived but influential, the British Empire. Pakistan has a cultural and ethnic background going back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed from 28001800 B.C., and was remarkable for its logical cities, advanced sanitation, excellent roads, and uniquely structured society. Pakistan has been invaded many times in the past, and has been occupied and settled by many different peoples, each of whom have left their imprint on the current inhabitants of the country.Some of the largest groups were the Proto-Indo-Aryans, of which Sindhis and Punjabis descend from and later Iranic peoples which the Baloch and Pashtuns descend from. Other less significant ones include the Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Buddhists, and other Eurasian groups, up to and including the British, who left in the late 1940s. The region has formed a distinct c ultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia from the earliest times, and is analogous to Turkeys position in Eurasia.1 There are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Their cultural origins also reveal influences from far afield, including Tibet, Nepal, India, and eastern Afghanistan. All groups show varying degrees of influence from Persia, Turkestan and Hellenistic Greece. Pakistan was the first region of South Asia to receive the full impact of Islam and has developed a distinct Islamic individualism, historically different from areas further west.1 antique sites in Pakistan include Zoroastrian Fire temples, Islamic centres,shia shrines/Sufi shrines, Buddhist temples, Sikh, Hindu, and pagan temples and shrines, gardens, tombs, palaces, monuments, and Mughal and Indo-Saracenic buildings. Sculpture is dominated by Greco-Buddhist friezes, and crafts by ceramics, jewellery, silk goods and engraved carpentry and metalwork. Pakistani society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. Though cultures within the country differ to some extent, more similarities than differences can be found, as most Pakistanis are mainly of Aryan heritage or have coexisted side by side along the Indus River for several thousand years, or both.However, over 60 years of integration, a distinctive Pakistani culture has sprung up, especially in the urban areas where many of the diverse ethnic groups have coexisted and ithe country now having a literacy rate of 55%, up from 3% at the time of independence. Traditional family values are highly respected and considered sacred, although urban families increasingly form nuclear families, owing to socio-economic constraints imposed by the tralatitious culture of the extended family. The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cit ies such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Sialkot, Abbottabad, and Multan. Rural areas of Pakistan are regarded as more conservative, and are dominated by regional tribal customs dating back hundreds if not thousands of years.Pakistans culture is again unique like the rest of the country. Pakistans geography is the meeting point of South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia/Gulf. Its culture could be termed as a combination of sub continental, Islamic, Regional, English, and more recently global influences. Let us consider them piecemeal. The newly born Pakistan had to have a sub continental leaning, having been a part of for last 5000 years of its civilization. However, the Indus Valley, present day Pakistan, culture was different from the rest of North India or South India Religious UniformityIslam is the state religion of Pakistan. 97% of the population is Muslim. The minority community includes Hindus, Christians, Parsis, Ahmedis (Mirz ais), Kalash, Sikhs, Bahai, Buddhists and Jews. The Constitution guarantees equal rights to Muslims and non Muslims.Sufi traditions of love, peace, progress, perfection and support of the poorhave strongly influenced Islam in Pakistan. Islam arrived in Sindh in the eighth century, following which the Sufi movement multiplied all over the sub-continent. Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam. The people ,in spite of some differences of languages, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam. LanguageThe national language of Pakistan is Urdu, while English is the semiofficial language of the country, widely spoken and understood. Urdu, meaning language of the army camp/caravan, is a mixture of predominantly Turkish, Arabic, and Persian with languages of the sub-continent. Urdu is written in the Persian script. It was adopted as the court language during the latter period of the Mughal Empire. Urdu played a dominant role in t he re-awakening of Muslim nationalism in the sub-continent, which culminated in the Pakistan Movement. Urdu was and then adopted as the national language of the country. Besides Urdu, there are six major and over fifty regional languages.The major regional languages are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Baluchi, Saraiki and Hindko. Other widely spoken languages are Potohari, Shina and Broshishki. All these languages have their own literary tradition. Evolution and growing of any language is dependent on the evolution and development of a society where that language is spoken. diverse invasions and conquests on a place affect the development of its language. Pakistan is a land that attracted many foreign races and empires during the hang of its long history.Such was the sponge like quality of the sub-continent of India that under every invasion it readily absorbed foreign traits yet, maintaining their own distinct individuality as well. Language was one such trait. The inhabitants of Indi an subcontinent were the speakers of Sanskrit and eventually, words and dialects of the languages of each successive intruder intermingled with Sanskrit and gave birth to various dialects and languages. Most of the languages spoken in Pakistan are part of the Indo-European family of languages. The main language families in Pakistan are Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dravidian and Dardic.LiteraturePakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as asovereign state in 1947. The common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of South Asia was inherited by the new state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pashto, Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi. PoetryPoetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The pre-eminent form of rime in Pakistan almost always originates in Persian, due in part to the long standing affiliation the r egion had with the Persian Empire. The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistans provincial languages continuing the legacy. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the national language, poetry is written in that language as well. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry and includes the famous poets Dr. Allama Iqbal (national poet), Mirza Ghalib, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Faraz, Jazib Qureshi, and Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other regional languages. Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced Pakistani poetry. Poetry in the form of marsia salam and naath is also very customary among many Pakistanis.Performing arts* MusicThe variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western musi c, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab.DancesKathak classical move developed in the Royal courts of the Mughals. Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and vary according to region such as Bhangra PunjabLuddi PunjabSammi PunjabJhumar Saraiki and Balochi folk danceLewa Baluch folk danceChap Baluch folk dance performed at weddingsJhumar Saraiki and Balochi folk danceAttan Folk dance of Pashtuns tribes of Pakistan including the unique styles of Quetta and Waziristan Khattak Dance Khyber-PakhtunkhwaChitrali Dance Khyber-PakhtunkhwaDhammal Performed at Sufi shrines/ dargahs in Punjab and Sindh Ho Jamalo Sindhi danceDrama and dramaticsThese are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry. The dramas and pla ys deal with many themes from life events, often with a clownlike touch. Bollywood movies are also popular. Visual artsPaintingAbdul Rehman Chughtai, Sughra Rababi, Ustad Allah Baksh, Ajaz Anwar, Ismail Gulgee, Jamil Naqsh, and Sadequain are prominent painters of Pakistan also known as the old masters. Pakistan is now producing a variety of coetaneous art and Pakistani Artists have become world famous. Pakistani vehicle art is a popular folk art.ArchitectureThe architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four distinct periods pre-Islamic, Hindu heritage, Buddhist culture, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise of Buddhism, Guptas, Mouryas, and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.The arrival of Islam in todays Pakistan introduced the classical Islamic construction techniques into Pakistans architectural landscape. However, a smooth transition to predominantlypicture-less Islamic architecture occurred. The town of Uch Sharif contains the tombs of Bibi Jawindi, Bahaal-Halim, and Jalaluddin Bukhari, which are considered some of the earliest examples of Islamic architecture in Pakistan and are on the UNESCO Tentative World Heritage Site list since 2004.5 One of the most important of the few examples of the Persian style of architecture is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan.During the Mughal era, design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fuse d with, and often produced playful forms of, Hindustani art. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. The Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh also originates from the epoch of the Mughals, as does the Mohabbat Khan Mosque in Peshawar. In the British colonial age, the buildings developed were predominantly of the Indo-European style, with a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.Recreation and sportsThe official national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, but cricket and squash are the most popular sports. The Pakistan national field hockey team has win the Hockey World for m a record four times. The Pakistan national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). Additionally, they have also won the ICC World Twenty20 once (in 2009), and were runners-up (in 2007). The team has also won the Austral-Asia Cup in 1986, 1990, and 1994. At the international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, winning three gold medals (1960, 1968, and 1984).Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994).6 Pakistan has hosted several international competitions, including the South Asian league Games in 1989 and 2004. A1 Grand Prix racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a Pakistani team in the 2005 season.The Tour de Pakistan, modelled on the Tour de France, is an annual cycling competition that covers the length and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, football has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it had been played almost exclusively in the western state of matter of Balochistan. FIFA has recently teamed up with the government to bring football closer to the northern areas too.CuisineCulinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of Middle Eastern, Iranian, Afghan, Indian, and Turkish influences that reflect the countrys history as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the surrounding regions. Urban centres of the country offer an unification of recipes from all parts of the country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages. Besides the main dishes of salan, with or without amount of money and cooked with vegetables or lentils, there are a number of provincial specialties such as karahi, biryani, and tikka, in various forms and flavours, eaten alongside a vari ety of breads such as naan, chapati, and roti. There are also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.FestivalsRamadanThe holiest month of the Islamic Calendar, which is a month of fasting from forenoon to sunset and self-discipline, it is widely observed in Pakistan. Muslim Pakistanis (about 97% of the population) fast, attend mosques with increased frequency, and recite Quran. Special foods are cooked in greater quantities, parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.Chand RaatOccurs after the Islamic month of Ramadan. Chand Raat occurs the nighttime before Eid day celebrations commence, marking the end of the month of Ramadan. In the night known as Chand Raat, people lionise by various means, such as girls putting henna on their hands. People buy gifts and sweets that will be given to friends and families who come over to celebrate the end of Ramadan.Eid celebrationsThe two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, commemorate the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of Ibrahim A.S to sacrifice his son Ishmael for God. On these days, there are national holidays and many festival events that take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off for all businesses and government offices. On the night before Eid, people search for the new moon to mark the end of Ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr.The day starts with morning prayers, then locomote home for a large breakfast with family members. The day is spent visiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the evening people hit the town for some partying, going to restaurants or relaxing in city parks. On Eid ul-Fitr, money is given for charity and as gifts to young children. On Eid ul-Adha, people may also distribute meat to relatives and neighbors and donate food for charity.Milaad un NabiMilaad un Nabi is a known religious fes tival which is noteworthy in many parts of Pakistan. The Milaad is the celebration for the birthday of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Muharram (Ashura)In Pakistan, the first ten days of Muharram are observed officially. The 10th day of Muharram is marked in the memory of Imam Hussain, the grandson of Muhammad, who was a martyr, along with 72 family members, friends and followers during the booking of Karbala.Jashn-e-BaharanJashn-e-Baharan aometimes referred to as Basant, is a pre-Islamic Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite flying competitions take place all over the citys rooftops during Basant (now prohibited).7 The fertile province of Punjab was intimately tied via its culture to the different seasons of the year. The arrival of spring was an important event for all farmers and was welcomed with a celebration, hence the name Jashn (celebration) Baharan (spring).ChristmasChristmas is usually celebrated by Pakistani Christians who account more than 3 percent of Pakistan and mostly reside in Punjab of Pakistan. OtherPakistanis also commemorate this event to promote inter-communal harmony.HoliHoli is celebrated by Pakistani Hindus. Other Pakistanis celebrate with them as well to promote communal harmony.NowruzThis festival is like Nowruz of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. In Northern Pakistan (Chitral, Gilgit, Baltistan), and Northern Punjab, Nowruz is celebrated as a socio-religious festival. It is also celebrated with much fervour in Balochistan, and in almost all of Pakistans major urban centres. In Baltistan, the main gives of Nowruz are the giving of coloured bollock to friends and polo matches. In Balochistan, the festival is marked with outdoor feasts, and the traditional jumping over a fire to wash away sins and usher in a modern start. The origins of this festival are pre-Islamic and date back to when Pakistan was part of the Achaemenid and Sassanid Persian empires.Independence DayOn August 14, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day when Pakistan gained its independence from British India, and formed an independent state for Muslims. There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city (Islamabad). Many people decorate their houses and fly the flag of Pakistan. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many people pray for the country and reflect on their pride in the country of Pakistan.Defence DaySeptember 6 is another truehearted day, when the Army of Pakistan is put on display for the general public to show Pakistan arms. All Government officials attend the ceremony and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In March 2007, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) put on display the new joint manufactured Chine se-Pakistani aircraft called the JF-17 Thunder.Popular mediaTelevisionTraditionally, the government-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) has been the dominant media instrumentalist in Pakistan. The PTV channels are controlledby the government and opposition views are not given much time. The past decade has seen the emergence of several private TV channels showing news and entertainment, such as GEO TV, AAJ TV, ARY Digital, HUM, MTV Pakistan, and others. Traditionally the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas, some of them critically acclaimed. Various American, European, Asian TV channels, and movies are available to a majority of the population via Cable TV. Television accounted for almost half of the advertising expenditure in Pakistan in 2002.RadioThe Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947, the day of Pakistani independence. It was a direct descendant of the Indian Broadcasting Company, which later became All India Radio. At indepe ndence, Pakistan had radio stations in Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major programme of expansion saw new stations open at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948, and a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950. This was followed by new radio stations at Hyderabad (1951), Quetta (1956), a second station at Rawalpindi (1960), and a receiving centre at Peshawar (1960). During the 1980s and 1990s, the corporation expanded its network to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide greater service to the local people. Today, there are over a hundred radio stations due to more liberal media regulations.CinemaAn indigenous movie industry exists in Pakistan and is known as Lollywood, as it is based in Lahore, producing over forty feature-length films a year.National DressThe national dress is Shalwar Qameez for both men and women. It consists of a long, loose allowance tunic with very baggy trousers. The dress is believed to be an amalgamation of the dresses worn by the ancient Persians, and Mug hal Empire who have left their impression on the people and culture of Pakistan.10 The mens version consists of solid, masculine colours, and is almost always accompanied by a collar and buttons (similar to a polo shirt). Men often birth an outer waistcoat over the shalwar kameez. The womens version almost never contains collar and buttons but is often embroidered and consists of feminine colors and may feature lace or flower patterns.In the summer, a light, cotton version is often worn, while during the winter,a heavier, wool version is worn. The sherwani or achkan, with karakul hat is the recommended dress for male government employees and officials, as it is not specifically associated with any of the provinces. Most male government officials wear the formal black sherwani on state occasions. A large Pakistani diaspora exists in the Western world and the Middle East. Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the majority of them in t he United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia primitively came from a rural background belonging to the working class. These emigrants and their children influence Pakistan culturally and economically, keeping close ties with their roots by travelling to Pakistan and especially by return or investing there.Cultural traditionsPakistanis have evolved an often distinct and unique set of culture, traditions and customs in the region. Shalwar Qameez is the dress commonly worn, both by men and women, and Kashmiru, etc. put and dances are distinctly unique with their own melodies, instruments, patterns and styles. Pakistani arts in metal work, tiles, furniture, rugs, designs/paintings, literature, calligraphy, and much more are diverse and renowned internationally. Pakistani architecture is unique with its infusion of Islamic, Persian, Turkish and Indigenous styles. The manners and lifestyles are guided by a blend of traditions as well as the culture. Food dishes are also attracting quite a lot of attention with its wide blend of flavours and spices.Ethnic groupsThe vast majority of Pakistanis are white by race but many other distinct minority are also present. The majority of Pakistanis are of average to above average height. Pakistan is worthy for having several individuals in the Guinness Book of World Records, such as Alam Channa for the tallest man in the world. Pakistanis are diverse, many possessing dark hair and eyes but light coloured eyes and light coloured hair do occur in significant portions of the population as well, notably in the North amongst the Dardic, Kalash, Burusho, Wakhi, and north western Pashtun tribes. The typical Pakistani can range from light to dark brown skin tones with a few exceptions in mountainous regions of the north. Many of the people inhabiting Pakistanswestern regions share genetic affinities with ethnic groups in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.While the racial features of each ethnic group in Pakistan are not uniform, Chitr alis and some of the Dardic tribes in the north are the most Caucasoid phenotypically, followed by the Pashtuns (also known as Pakhtuns), Kashmiris, Paharis/Potoharis, Balochis, Punjabis, and Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Seraikis. The Negroid people live along the Makran coast and are a small minority known as the Sheedi who came from East Africa in the 15th century. Panjabis, Seraiki and The Sindhis have considerable admixture and show a diverse phenotypic features case of their multicultural history.The Mongoloid people also inhabit Pakistan are of Central Asian origin where oftentimes their racial elements are infused within the dominant Caucasoid genes of the vast majority of Pakistanis, however there are many instances in which some have retained their distinct racial characteristics. Pakistans genetic diversity is due to various factors including the numerous waves of migration from other regions and include Aryans mainly, in smaller amounts Greeks, Iranians, Arabs, Turks, Scythian s, Afghans to name a few and also because of its geopolitical location straddling the Iranian Plateau, Central Asian, Tibetan, and South Asian genetic spheres and as a result, the phenotypic expression of its people is reflective of this diversity. Large influxes of refugees from the surrounding nations have further exacerbated this change.

Emile Durkheim Essay

Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist who is considered to be the founding father of sociology. His contributions were in sociology, Anthropology and religions studies. He published and lectured sociological studies in topics like education, crime, religion, suicide and form of mash. Durkheim was born in Pascoag province of Lorraine, formerly in Germany but presently in France, in 1859, April 15. His family line was of rabbi but he rebelled against this title while soundless a kid. Much of his harbor was to show that religions bases were from kind issues and non a divine issue.Though he rebelled against his family rabbi tradition, his relationship to the family and the Jewish community was still intact. to the highest degree of his collaborators and students were drawn from the Jewish community and was even confirmed under the Jewish traditions at the age of thirteen. He followed the regular system in the secular shoal and at the same time studied Hebrew, Talmud and Old T estament. He at one time acquired some numinous skills in Catholicism from his female instructor who was a catholic herself. However, soon after, he developed some doubts in religion and withdrew his involvement in it.In the college dEpinal, he was a precocious scholar and this earned him some prizes and honors. This motivated him towards his ambition and transferred to Lycee Louis-le-Grand, a French high school in Paris. Later in 1879, he fall in Ecole Normale Superieure a training institution for French scholars. In the ground, he met some major scholars marking French intellectual life. These were Henri Bergsona a vitalism philosopher, Jean Jaures a hearty leader, Rauh, Golot and Blondel all philophers and Peirre Janet a psychologist.His interest is a scientific view to society earned him some opposition towards Ecole Normale academic system. It contained no cordial science which was Durkheim interest. Instead, manitarian studies dominated the academic system. He rebelled a gainst a course that privileged reading of Latin prose and Greek verse and tangle recent scientific discoveries and philosophical doctrines should collapse been the privileged. He was for a solid and structured learning rather than elegant dabbling system which was even rewarded. In 1882 he finished 2nd last in his graduation class.Despite his rebel temperament, he had some commodity friends like Jean Jaures a socialist leader. He was kn own to be intelligent, dedicated, a good moral and scientific instructor. (Caser 143) After spending a year in Germany vignetteing sociology, he returned to Bordeaux where a teachers training school had meet been started. There, he taught social sciences and pedagogy. He was credited for introducing social sciences in the French curriculum. However, his argument that social science could easily explain morality and religion was criticized. thenceforth in 1890s, it became Durkheims period of his remarkable contribution.In 1893, he published his doctoral dissertation The Division of labor in Society, which was a study of how social order was maintained in differing societies. 1895 published Rules of the sociological method manifesting on sociology definition and how it is supposed to be done. One the same year, 1895, he founded surgical incision of Sociology at the University of Bordeaux. In 1898 he published his increasing students and collaborators works in LAnnes Sociologuque a journal he had founded. In 1897, he published Suicide a study providing examples of what the sociological monograph might look.He used quantitative methods in criminology to explore the different crime rates among Protestants and Catholics. He found the strong social control among catholic reduced suicide rates. In 1902, Durkheim was the permanent chair of education and sociology. In the same year 1912, he published his major work The elementary forms of Religious life During the world war which was characterized by propaganda, Durkheim droppe d his position on politics which was patriotic rather than internationalism. His former students had died in the war including his own son. This caused Durkheim mental blows.He had lost his son and his rational secular life had been affected by the war. In 1917, he suffered a stroke from emotional strains and exhaustion, recover months later and resumed to work but later on the same year died. Emile Durkheim was laid to rest in Paris. (Emile Durkheim) His theories and ideas mainly focused social structural assertions of human social tribulations. He covered the social facts, division of labor, education, crime, punishment law and suicide. In social facts, Durkheim felt that the society is much more than what it meant. He compound issue like ethnic and religion terra firma.His priority was not on what influences individuals behaviors or acts but in social facts. His argument about social facts is that its creative activity is more objective and greater than individuals actions an d who makes a society. He argued that only if people in a society were oriented to a ordinary figureic representation sets, to a common assumption about the environment, could moral unity prevail. Without them any society irrespective of its modern fontity or primitive nature would degenerate and decay. (Coser 144) In religion, his views are that it is a pervasive aspect in social structure.It is more human oriented aimed at uniting communities. He looks at it effect on an individual and the way they be receive, how it can divide a community and its role in the society. Durkheim defines religion as a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provides a sense of ultimate meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality based on super natural powers (Giddens 534) In division of labor, he argues that despite it aim for material and intellectual development in the society it has a moral factor more important in that it enhances social unity among people.He argues t hat people pitch something in common. This is what binds them together along traditional lines for they are more or less the same. The highly tangled division of labor in modern communities was influenced by organic solidarity. Specialization and social roles tie individuals to one another. He argues law is a major symbol in the social unity. Punishments acts in it are meant to sustain the unity. Law is not meant to punish but restrain the existing unity. Durkheim called the breaking of social norms state of anomic. (Calhoun 47) He tried to argue suicide by comparing its rates among the Protestants and Catholics.There was less suicide cases in catholic than in protestant. According to him this was as a result of catholic strict norms. His work has influence control theory of sociology. His view on punishment is that it is important in the society setting. He argues social solidarity can only be maintained through punishment. To avoid law breakers who in turn threaten the social un ity in a society, punishments act as a threat. However, he calls for a relevant punishment amount claiming it threatens immorality. On crime, he feels it is useful as it leads to reform.It is a response to a pressing social tension and therefore flushes out the pressing issue off the society. (Parsons 32) As a teacher, he had interest in education. He felt it is an important entity in the social structure as it strengthens social cohesion, maintains social roles and maintains division of labor. Emile Durkheim has over the years influenced sociology scholar. In most cases, they have based their studies in his arguments. In most education curriculum, his sociology initiative has been incorporated. His arguments in almost all the areas in social structure have influenced the modern society.Major education institutes offers courses on sociology all over the world. The study of criminology has based its findings in Emiles ideas. His sociological theories and ideas have been used to expla in the causes of crimes in a society. Policy and law makers have used Durkheims ideas in making the law. Courts too in their making of judgments they have based it on his ideas. For example cases of suicide and crimes. His findings have been very pregnant in trying to understand terrorism and terrorism acts. In the modern society, this has been a major threat to the international unity.Religion has been known to be the decide cause of such terrorism acts. The 9/11 us terrorism act was by Islamic extremists. The social control in Islamic does not restrict this and therefore it may not look more of a crime to them. Religion has influenced the society greatly, from politics, rituals and practices. On the religion set social norms, members have behaved and acted according to them. Civil wars in most of the word nations are as a result of social norms conflict among different societies. Most of the crimes against humanities have been important in that it has influenced reforms as per D urkheim ideas.Many societies have learnt from past experiences and have significantly reformed to be stronger and united. However, some societies have released social tensions through malefactor activities like wars and the end result have been improved unity. This justifies Durkheims idea on crime that it is important in reformation. The United Nation body is significant in the worlds unity. The social norms outlined in its organization have a great influence in controlling the worlds societies in their actions. Exploitation is now reduced and independence has prevailed. On the other hand, the larger community i.e. the world is now much more united. Division of labor which is an evident entity in the modern society is more than just sharing responsibilities and roles. It is very significant in social unity. The coming together of specialists from different background has enhanced interaction and understanding among a larger population.In the labor firms, acts that govern a company have been made by their respective insurance makers and are significant in the social unity and in role sharing. Durkeims scientific views on the society, his contributions and influences are very visible in the modern society.Therefore, he deserves acknowledgment as the founding father of sociology.Work citedCoser, . Emile Durkheim the Person sociology at hewett 1977. Retrieved on Friday, October 17, 2008 from http//www. hewett. norfolk. sch. uk/curric/soc/durkheim/durkper. htm Emile Durkheim Site Emile Durkheim biography mosaic Retrieved on Friday, October 17, 2008 from http//www. emiledurkheim. net/ Giddens, A& Griffiths, S . Religion in the modern society Polity, 2006. 138- 148 Parsons, T. et al . Theories of Society, New York Free Press, 2006, 33-48 Calhoun, et al Classical Sociological Theory . Blackwell Publishing, 2007. 45-66