The Effects Of Alcohol On The Human Body - 826 Words

The Impact of Alcohol on the Human Body Alcohol is a dangerous substance that deteriorates the human body if consumed on a regular basis. Even if a person is not a heavy drinker, their body still go through changes when they drink alcohol (NIH, 2010). Alcoholic beverages are an extremely toxic substance that affects one physical wellness. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism known as NIH, discusses how alcoholic beverages affects a person’s brain, heart, and liver. Also, the NIH explains how alcohol abuse can lead to cancer in the mouth, esophagus, breast, liver, pharynx, and larynx. It has been noted that alcohol abuse can cause the immune system of a person to weaken (NIH, 2010). Various research has been conducted in order to determine which parts of the brain is impacted because of alcohol consumption (NIH, 2010). According to NIH, the cerebellum, limbic system, and the cerebral cortex are the three areas of the brain that are most affected by alcohol. The cerebellum is the area of the human brain that controls a person’s coordination. When a person is intoxicated, damage to the cerebellum causes loss in balance and emotional response is altered (NIH, 2010). In addition, the limbic system of the brain is responsible to store a person’s memory, yet it is also greatly affected when alcohol is consumed. Furthermore, the cerebral cortex is the area of the brain that gives a human the ability to think, behave intelligently, and interact socially. When aShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Alcohol on the Human Body1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe effects of Alcohol on the Human Body Name: Institution: Introduction Today, alcohol is one of the most common substances that people abuse. It is an addictive drink that has become a popular way of having a good time or relaxing in social gatherings. It is among the most commonly used psychoactive drugs. Alcohol is a popular social phenomenon, yet most societies forget its effects on their bodies. 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This study helps further the knowledge ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Human Body1292 Words   |  6 PagesAggression-Related Alcohol Expectancies in Explaining the Link between Alcohol and Violent Behavior† They state that, â€Å"As Lang (19) observes, expectations and tolerance of deviance in those under the influence of alcohol should increase the likelihood of a po sitive correlation between drinking and aggression† (Lening, Welte, and Wieczorek 466). They inform us that people who drink alcohol are likely to increase their aggression which may be triggered while the consumption of alcohol. Although peopleRead MoreEffects of Alcohol Abuse on the Human Body1919 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The effects of alcohol on the human body are well documented. Researchers have over time demonstrated that excessive consumption of alcohol, what is herein referred to as alcohol abuse, does adversely affect the human body. In this text, I define the term alcohol abuse and examine the effects excessive consumption of alcohol has on the human body. What is Alcohol Abuse? It is important to note from the onset that the term alcohol abuse does not have an assigned definition. WhileRead MoreHow Do Drugs and Alcohol Affect You1495 Words   |  6 PagesDrugs and Alcohol Affect You Sarah Tate Kaplan University-Omaha CJ411 Drugs and Alcohol May 15, 2012 Kerry Neumann Drugs and alcohol can cause short and long term damage to the human body. People that abuse drugs and alcohol may not be aware of the damage they are doing to their bodies. There are also psychological effects that drugs and alcohol can do to the human mind. These psychological effects can and may be permanent depending on the drug used and prolonged use of drugs and alcohol. HereRead MorePsychoactive Drugs : The Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause most psychoactive drugs have several effects on the psychological and physical activity of the body, depending on the dose and duration of use.] The use of psychoactive drugs in our society is a very important problem, most of them have a negative effect on the human body and cause psychological and physical dependence of Alcohol: An organic substance formed when a hydroxyl group is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. The type of alcohol used in alcoholic beverages, ethanol, derivesRead MoreEffects of Alcohol on Coordination Essay examples1283 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿BIO103 Environmental Biology – Effects of Alcohol on Human Coordination Introduction: Alcohol is known to produce many chronic abnormalities that are attributable to parietal lobe dysfunction. The self becomes aware of the body being a distant object but it feels a strange attachment feeling (Miller et al, 1991). Considerable laboratory research indicates that different levels of alcohol consumption contributes to overall behavioural and cognitive functions and therefore the reason for carrying

Racial Profiling Is A Central Issue Economically Essay

Lights! Camera! Judgement! In today’s world, racial profiling has been a central issue economically. These types of problem can be spotted anywhere to whether we see it or not. It is hard to believe racial profiling is one point citizens can never get enough of which makes things so conflicted and leads to a big mess. That is one way to how maybe war can create between people who are innocent and others who is racist even though they say they â€Å"are not†. Ever since racial profiling started in the mid 1900’s never stopped. It is hard to put an end to it but people has their own aspects of it which I do not blame them but makes them racist. People may fool around here and there but this is a serious issue happening globally. From social media to the real life thing can lead to violence and making a severe economic impact. I, myself faced something like this when I just wanted to look at something myself can and cannot afford, then later received a comment and body language which I will never forget. In the early fall September of 2014, I remember walking in this store that is one of the biggest names anyone can name which is Versace. Versace is a well-known Italian fashion company that you can see from well-known celebrities wearing down on the red carpet for award shows or down the streets of making an outfit statement. Going inside the store is golden which has a mix of vibrant color that you feel like a movie star while paparazzi flashing you drastically.Show MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe debate over the recent mass shooting in Charleston, South Carolina has sparked a controversy involving the presence of the Confederate flag. Apparently, there is a common perception among Democrats that the Confederates are associated with racial crime and hate in America. The suspect behind the shooting in Charleston has confessed that he acted about the idea of white supremacy in the South. A large sect ion of the American population agrees the flag is a symbol of racism since it was establishedRead MoreRacial Profiling : A Big Problem1601 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Profiling Racism has been a big problem in the U.S. for all races for a very long time and continues to be a problem to this day,. Racism has been a big part in U.S. history and has changed over time, some of these races were African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican Americans, for American Indians it was how they were treated wrong socially and economically. Racism has been around since the beginning of civilization and was a big deal. During the times of the Old TestamentRead MoreThe Novel Southland By Frank Sakai And Curtis Martin1545 Words   |  7 Pagesmurder unknown story taking place in Los Angeles between the 40 s, and 90 s at a period when racism and discrimination were at the all time high. Revoyr’s features various historical references were taking place in Los Angeles’s past related to racial issues and uses some character interactions to drive these points home. Frank Sakai and Curtis Martin are two main characters whose life is prompted by the racism in the Los Angeles neighborhoods. Stylistically, Revoyr’s deliberate prose permits readersRead MoreRacism in America3527 Words   |  15 Pageson America new racial views and violence began to surface targeting Arabs and people of Middle East descent. Latinos has now become an immediate target of racism due to the fear of taking jobs away from Americans. With the selection of Barrack Obama as president, most Americans believed that the nation was entering a color-blind society and racial healing, but that did not eliminate racism in America it only intensified it. In order for America to unite on the issue of racism, racial healing is importantRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Of Japan2852 Words   |  12 Pagesand present a meticulous understanding of law enforcement in Japan as a whole. This paper will highlight the following: provide an analysis of the history, structure and organization of the Japanese system, the education and training requirements, issues being encountered regarding law enforcement, and the Japanese system that is being used currently. History of Law Enforcement in Japan The Japanese law enforcement system became to be one of the most idolized police systems used today. Japan’s uniqueRead MoreUnions and Collective Bargaining/Discrimination in the Workplace3430 Words   |  14 Pagesformation of a union, workers can create resources and seek out benefits with much more success and efficiency than if they sought these advantages individually. From a management standpoint, desires for/against union formation remains a controversial issue. These principles are discussed in the materials that follow. Employees must recognize the importance of uniting and its effects on managerial oversight. Early labor movements of the 1880s began when working conditions were unbearable or evenRead MoreRacism And Its Effects On Society2136 Words   |  9 Pageseven involved in just due to the color of their skin. This is known as racial formation and is fairly common in today’s society. There have been many events, especially as of recent, that have made it clear that racism is still alive and well in today’s culture. After several accused racial incidents involving police officers, news and social media have focused attention on an unfortunate and so far unresolvable issue of racial inequality in the United States. Public discussions of events like theRead MoreReview Of Anna Deavere Smith s Twilight Essay2407 Words   |  10 Pagesbrilliant work of theater. One New York Times reviewer, David Richards, praised her performance saying, She does people s souls.[3] Anna Deavere Smith s play Twilight helps illuminate the thoughts and feelings of many diverse perspectives behind the racial tensions, the perceived police brutality, and the lack of leadership for greatly needed urban renewal. Combined with historical research, Twilight provides a meaningful examination of the underlying causes of the Los Angeles riots. A longer historicalRead MoreEssay on The Imp act of Latin American Immigration on America1553 Words   |  7 Pagesstart new lives and take advantage of the capitalistic, entrepreneurial system. 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Accounting for Managers IAS 36–Impairment

Question: Describe about the Accounting for Managers for IAS 36Impairment. Answer: 1: Existing sales Particulars Note Details Current Sales Existing Sales (A) Units Per annum 20,000 Estimated Sales (B) Units Beginning 3 months 6,000 Estimated Sales (C) Units Remaining Period 14,000 Sales per/unit (D) $ Beginning 3 months 130 Sales per/unit (E) $ Remaining Period 130 Variable manufacturing cost per/unit (F) $ Provided 50 Variable selling and administrative cost per/unit (G) $ Provided 30 Total sales (G) $ [(B) x (D) + (C) x (E)] 2600000 Total variable manufacturing cost (H) $ [(A) x (F)] 1000000 Total selling and administrative cost (I) $ [(A) x (G)] 600000 Contribution (J) $ [(G) - (H) - (I)] 1000000 Fixed manufacturing cost (K) $ Provided 4,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative cost/unit (L) $ Provided 3,00,000 Advertising and promotion cost (M) $ Provided 0 Profit $ [(J) - (K)- (L) - (M)] 3,00,000 As per Rossi Proposal Particulars Note Details Rossi Proposal Existing Sales (A) Units Per annum 20,000 Estimated Sales (B) Units Beginning 3 months 6,000 Estimated Sales (C) Units Remaining Period 14,000 Sales per/unit (D) ($) Beginning 3 months 140 Sales per/unit (E) Remaining Period 140 Variable manufacturing cost per/unit (F) Provided 50 Variable selling and administrative cost per/unit (G) Provided 30 Total sales (G) [(B) x (D) + (C) x (E)] 2800000 Total variable manufacturing cost (H) [(A) x (F)] 1000000 Total selling and administrative cost (I) [(A) x (G)] 600000 Contribution (J) [(G) - (H) - (I)] 1200000 Fixed manufacturing cost (K) Provided 4,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative cost/unit (L) Provided 3,00,000 Advertising and promotion cost (M) Provided 1,25,000 Profit [(J) - (K)- (L) - (M)] 3,75,000 In consideration to the above calculation it should be noted that if 20,000 units are produced and the variable cost standing derived from the manufacturing and selling overhead is $12,00,000. According to the Rossis proposal of increasing the price by $10 would ultimately, lead to higher sales is entirely dependent upon the administrative expenses. However, the advertising and sales promotion cost of 125,000 would ultimately lead to fall in the profitability. Advertising and promotion is considered as the additional marketing cost, which either can attract new customers or might affect the estimated net profitability. As per Tom Tune Proposal Particulars Note Details Tom Proposal Existing Sales (A) Units Per annum 25000 Estimated Sales (B) Units Beginning 3 months 6,000 Estimated Sales (C) Units Remaining Period 19,000 Sales per/unit (D) $ Beginning 3 months 130 Sales per/unit (E) $ Remaining Period 130 Variable manufacturing cost per/unit (F) $ Provided 55 Variable selling and administrative cost per/unit (G) $ Provided 30 Total sales (G) $ [(B) x (D) + (C) x (E)] 3250000 Total variable manufacturing cost (H) $ [(A) x (F)] 1375000 Total selling and administrative cost (I) $ [(A) x (G)] 750000 Contribution (J) $ [(G) - (H) - (I)] 1125000 Fixed manufacturing cost (K) $ Provided 4,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative cost/unit (L) $ Provided 3,00,000 Advertising and promotion cost (M) $ Provided 50,000 Profit $ [(J) - (K)- (L) - (M)] 3,75,000 According to the proposal proposed by Tom, he predicts an estimated sales of 25,000 units with overall variable manufacturing cost of $11,25,000. Tom proposal includes an advertising and promotional cost of $50,000 however, there does not exists any considerable amount of change in profit. The contribution margin is lower than the Rossis proposal however, lower advertising and sales promotion cost is beneficial for the proposed strategy as there is lower risk of failure out of loss. As per Mary Watson Proposal Particulars Note Details Mary Proposal Existing Sales (A) Units Per annum 24000 Estimated Sales (B) Units Beginning 3 months 10,000 Estimated Sales (C) Units Remaining Period 14,000 Sales per/unit (D) $ Beginning 3 months 120 Sales per/unit (E) $ Remaining Period 130 Variable manufacturing cost per/unit (F) $ Provided 50 Variable selling and administrative cost per/unit (G) $ Provided 30 Total sales (G) $ [(B) x (D) + (C) x (E)] 3020000 Total variable manufacturing cost (H) $ [(A) x (F)] 1200000 Total selling and administrative cost (I) $ [(A) x (G)] 720000 Contribution (J) $ [(G) - (H) - (I)] 1100000 Fixed manufacturing cost (K) $ Provided 4,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative cost/unit (L) $ Provided 3,00,000 Advertising and promotion cost (M) $ Provided 40,000 Profit $ [(J) - (K)- (L) - (M)] 3,60,000 Mary on the other hand would propose to undertake the promotion campaign where a rebate of $10 will be offered on all kinds of drills sold during. She further proposes a lower advertising and promotion cost of $40,000. She proposes estimated sales of 24,000 units per annum but undertaking the proposal it has been found that the net profit has fallen to $360,000 and such proposal does not seem to be profitable. To comment further on the three proposals offered it should be understood that the best-suited proposal is of Tom, which as the advertising cost is lower with net profit of 375,000. According to the proposal made by Tom, increasing the sales volume by 25% would be ideal for the business. 2: Activity Level Price Per Unit ($) 1,50,000 2,00,000 1,80,000 Direct Material 2.50 375000 500000 450000 Direct Labour 3.00 450000 600000 540000 Direct variable expenses 5.50 825000 1100000 990000 Variable Overhead: Variable Factory Overhead 1.50 225000 300000 270000 Variable selling and administrative cost 2.00 300000 400000 360000 Total cost or production 3.50 525000 700000 630000 Fixed Overhead: Fixed factory overhead 2.00 300000 400000 360000 Fixed selling and administrative cost 1.50 225000 300000 270000 Fixed Cost 3.50 525000 700000 630000 20% Mark Up 2.50 375000 500000 450000 Selling price 15.00 2250000 3000000 2700000 Additional bid by Tassie Company Particulars Details Price (in $) Total price for 40,000 units (A) (30,000 x 8.4) + (10,000 x 10.9) 361000 Average price for 40,000 units (A)/40,000 9.03 Cost such as salaries and depreciation can be included in the assets side of the balance sheet. It is worth mentioning that if a business firm operates on the accrual basis pay off its expenses prior to which it is incurred originally it can be shown in the form of assets under the asset side of the balance sheet for Prepaid Salaries or Prepaid Depreciation (Andersson and Wenzel 2014). As the expenditure are incurred once it is shifted to the profit and loss account in the form of expenditure. It is noticed in the majority of the business that the rate of depreciation creates an impact on the level of profitability and the amount of tax, which a business is willing to pay in one financial year. Depreciation is tax deducted expenditure with higher incidence of depreciation a business can reduce the tax bill in any financial year. Particulars Note Details Amount ($) Indirect/Overhead cost (A) $ Provided 98,400 Direct labour hours (B) Hours Provided 25,795 Overhead allocation rate $ (A)/(B) 3.81 Particulars Note Details Amount ($) Direct cost of material (A) $ (2,100 x 16.1) 33810 Direct cost of labour (B) $ (327,600/25,795) x 1400 17780.19 Indirect/overhead cost (C) S (1,400 x 3.81) 5334 Total cost of the special order S (A) + (B) + (C) 56924.19 Particulars Note Details Amount ($) Overhead cost (A) $ Provided 98,400 Machine hours (B) Hours Provided 9,840 Overhead allocation rate $ (A)/(B) 10 Particulars Note Details Amount ($) Direct cost of material (A) $ (2,100 x 16.1) 33810 Direct cost of labour (B) $ (327,600/25,795) x 1400 17780.19 Indirect/overhead cost (C) S (525 x 10) 5250 Total cost $ (A) + (B) + (C) 56840.19 Particulars Details Minimum price/trailer (in $) Labour hour rate 56,924.19/350 162.64 Machine hour rate 56,840.19/350 162.40 Activity based costing is referred as a costing methodology which helps in recognising the activities of an organisation by allocating the cost of each activity with the resources of the all the products and goods produced in accordance with the actual cost of production. On the other hand, the choice of an allocation method is entirely depended upon the group of overhead cost for a desired accuracy of the product cost information (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Such method when employed by a business entity can easily evaluate the cost of elements of entire product activities and services. Implementing the segmented cost of overhead pools and activity based costing can assist a business firm to identify the accurate cost of pricing a product and eliminate the product and service which are not profitable. Such pricing methods help a business organisation to reduce the production of goods and services, which are ineffective, and this will help in yielding a better production (Horngren et al. 2013). Such methods help a business to organise resources through which an activity pricing of each activity can be determined in terms of the resources employed. Thus such tool enables a business unit to understand the product and cost profitability on the basis of the production and performance. Reference list: Andersson, S. and Wenzel, F., 2014. Application of IAS 36Impairment of fixed assets-A qualitative study about the main challenges for companies regarding impairments. Balakrishnan, R., Labro, E. and Soderstrom, N.S., 2014. Cost structure and sticky costs.Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), pp.91-116. Carlsson, B., Meir, M., Rekstad, J., Prei, D. and Ramschak, T., 2016. Replacing traditional materials with polymeric materials in solar thermosiphon systemsCase study on pros and cons based on a total cost accounting approach.Solar Energy,125, pp.294-306. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Domeika, P., 2015. Creation of the Information System of Enterprise Fixed Asset Accounting.Engineering Economics,60(5). DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kamala, P., Struwig, J., Bornman, M., Boersman, R., Vermaak, M., McGill, M., Jordaan-Marais, J., Matthew, J., Hurter, C. and Taylor, P., 2015.Principles of Cost Accounting. Oxford University Press. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kumbhakar, S., Lozano-Vivas, A. and Sun, K., 2013. A flexible cost function model with risk. Rieckhof, R., Bergmann, A. and Guenther, E., 2014. Interrelating material flow cost accounting with management control systems to introduce resource efficiency into strategy.Journal of Cleaner Production,30, p.1e17. Schmidt, A., Gtze, U. and Sygulla, R., 2015. Extending the scope of Material Flow Cost Accountingmethodical refinements and use case.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, pp.1320-1332.

Nutrasweet in China-Sb Essay Example

Nutrasweet in China-Sb Essay -Case Study Analysis-| NutraSweet in China| Sandra Burga| MARKETING MANAGEMENT 658. 22 Professor Stephen Rapier Pepperdine University MARKETING MANAGEMENT 658. 22 Professor Stephen Rapier Pepperdine University I. History Back in 1994 NutraSweet’s Consumer Products division (CPD) considered entering the growing China market. Their intent was to take advantage of the growing Chinese market and expand their brand developing a new sector of brand followers. The CPD perceived three main opportunities: leverage the product brand, leverage marketing manufacturing competencies and capitalize on China’s post-Cultural Revolution. One of the enticing driving factor’s for NutraSweet (NS) was the low sugar consumption numbers in China, based on this perceived notion NutraSweet was posed with a couple of questions: Should NutraSweet enter the Chinese Market? If so, what will be the Risk vs. Profit opportunities? In addition, they also needed to consider their timing and strategy to enter the market. In doing so, they will have to carefully consider their Positioning and their Indirect versus Direct Distribution. NutraSweet assigned Eve Stacey a recent Harvard Business School grad, formerly of Ingredients Division, to head the project. According to the information provided for the case, Ms. Stacey was given only 3-months to prepare recommendations. There is no additional information provided on the case that tells us if Ms. Stacey was already familiar with the Chinese culture or if she had a good understanding of the market as it related to NutraSweet. What we know if that she sought the help of a company called SRG to do door-to-door interview of 200 Chinese consumers. Overall, this was a very small sampling of the Chinese market to be able to access the need. Back in the early nineties, NutraSweet’s Consumer Products ivision was responsible for tabletop sweeteners under the brand names of Equal ®, Canderel ®, and NutraSweet ®, brands already known to the US market. NutraSweet came about accidentally in 1965 when a chemist discovered it while working in a lab at Searle. Searle was a small pharmaceutical company later acquired by Monsanto. The Monsanto Company is a Fortune 500 manufacturer of performan ce chemicals, agricultural, food ingredients and pharmaceutical products. Headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri The laboratory accident that launched NutraSweet grew into a $1 billion dollar business for Monsanto. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrasweet in China-Sb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrasweet in China-Sb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrasweet in China-Sb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because Searle was a pharmaceutical company, NutraSweet was initially marketed as an over-the-counter product, not as a food product. Monsanto consolidated the tabletop sweetener business during a reorganization period in which it faced many positioning challenges. In the United States NutraSweet was marketed as a mainstream product using a similar marketing strategy as Equal ® which had a low calorie sugar-like sweetness. In the European and Latin American countries the marketing was based around the concept of â€Å"lifestyle† consumption. In less developed markets it was marketed as a niche product for consumers with a medical need. NutraSweet consumer products sales by region in 1994 largely came from the large demand in the US with 58%, followed by Europe with 29%. As shown in the pie chart below, based on the small market share (4%) there seemed to be a great opportunity to expand into the Asia to increase the market share. II. Key Points A. Market Drivers and Growth Foreign Investors pumped billions into China’s economy back in 1994, the Chinese economy was booming. Citizens were spending 40% of their disposable income on food. This attractive fact seemed like a great opportunity for NutraSweet back then. Although expected to decrease with increasing cost of living, Monsanto was eager to enter the market. There was an emerging middle class with projected increase in purchasing power. NutraSweet saw an opportunity in the Chinese consumers’ infatuation with Western brands which represented: quality, freedom, excitement luxury. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) view China as: a set of distinct markets, culture, and tastes, regions varied by geography population with 3-key markets to explore: Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Beijing. B. Customer Analysis * Market Demographics China consumed 14 pounds of sugar/person versus 80 pounds of sugar/person in the US. This interesting fact posed the question, â€Å"How can we make this product attractive to a society where consumers for the most part are skinny and do not eat that much sugar? †. This presented a cultural challenge to tackle in the marketing process for Stacey and Monsanto. * Market Behaviors Chinese consumers spent little on housing and none on transportation to/from work, most used 40% of their disposable income on food. 20% of the 60 million (12 million) habitants owned 80% of the country’s wealth. The â€Å"Middle Class† was emerging and estimated to double in 2 years, meaning the target market would be as big as the US target market. In addition, as mentioned before, the Chinese consumers were obsessed with American products, fact that supported NutraSweet’s strategy. * Market Needs Values The primary distribution channels for NutraSweet were drug dispensaries therefore people perceived sugar substitutes as socially unacceptable. In addition, sweetness tolerance across China varied from region to region. Consumers saw no need for a tabletop sweetener since sugar was used mostly for cooking. Market Segmentation One of the strategies NutraSweet considered was to Market it as â€Å"food for a healthy lifestyle†. They saw an opportunity to expand their customer base through education about â€Å"healthy eating† (Yoshino, 1996). Their main target group was 25-40 year old women in the higher household income category. Other perceived users were predomin antly children and health/weight conscious individuals. C. Competitive Analysis Sweet ‘n Low was NS’s U. S. major competitor but â€Å"†¦the tabletop sweetener business was still fairly local with different competitors in different parts of the world. Part of their advantage was that the tabletop sweetener category was new to China. Part of their challenge was that sugar was inexpensive, infrequently purchased, and received little consumer attention. The question now was, if sugar was not consumed as much by the chinese, why would they consume a sugar-like substitute?. In the past â€Å"Healthful† drinks failed to catch on in China i. e. Diet Coke which failed in 1980’s. â€Å"The real competitors were other consumer product markets fighting for a share of mind and a share of discretionary income through an unbelievable media† (Yoshino, 1996). * The China Lure In 1994, foreign investors poured $81. 4 billion into China† (Yoshino, 1996). The GDP grew from $298 billion in 1980 to $508 billion in 1994, the 10% annual growth over next 25 years forecasted China’s economy to be worth $6 trillion dollars. The 60 Million consumer base was forecasted to double over the next decade. A more aggressive study predicted 150 million Chinese with purchasing power parity annual incomes of $18,000 by year 2000. D. Financial Analysis The average household income was $685/yr, the breakdown includes a $581 for a businessman, $420 for a factory worker and $213for an agricultural laborer. Hong Kong Was considered potentially more profitable than any other market in Asia, their business was less than $1 million due to social stigma. The average household income of 6 million inhabitants was $18,000 with an expected economy growing at 5% annually. * Taiwan A was a more developed market that could have served as a testing ground before entering China. However, Equal was rejected by major distributors and partially delisted. The average income was of $12,500 with a population of 21 million and a economy growing at 7% annually. E. Marketing Objective and Strategy Target Market The Main target group was 25 to 40 year old women in higher household income category. The perceived users were predominantly ch ildren and health/weight conscious individuals. Mothers in Guangzhou preferred it more than childless women * Positioning (Messaging) Getting goods to the market/consumer was a central challenge for MNC. NutraSweet leaned towards using a foreign agent to enter the market such as Inchcape, East Asiatic Co. and Simm’s. * Marketing Mix a) Product or Service Strategy The 4 F’s† of NutraSweet: FOOD, FUN, FAMILY, FOR YOU!. Tooth decay big problem in China. Sugar quality was poor (didn’t dissolve well) worms in their sugar! ) b) Consumer expectations 25% of Beijing’s consumers thought it would be an expensive item to be given as gift. 12% of Guangzhou consumers consider it as everyday item. 70% of consumers expect to find product in supermarkets c) Pricing Strategy The price decision had to balance low average incomes, the nonessential nature of the product, and white sugar’s low price with the need to position NutraSweet as a premium product that should not be directly compared to sugar. Pricing decision is important because of the multi-tiered distribution structure, NutraSweet needed to get to Chinese customers. d) Promotional Strategy 1/3 preferred sachet and 2/3 preferred table form, ? liked in jar format. Beijing: 1/3 thought packaging was too common or â€Å"clinical†. Shanghai (15%) Beijing(30%) saw product as â€Å"confusing† â€Å"not credible†. Most were skeptical about its use in relationship to gain weight. e) Distribution The primary distribution channels for NutraSweet were drug dispensaries in HK, typically people found sugar substitutes as socially unacceptable  as they relate to sick people. Their options were to explore multi-tiered distribution system OR build their own distribution systems OR use foreign agents subcontracting wholesalers and retailers. An option was to follow Equal’s strategy in the US and Abroad. The options included: marketing it as a mainstream product sold through retail food channels or marketed as a medical aid for diabetics and obese consumers. Consumed as part of everyday life in Europe and Latin America it was marketed as â€Å"healthy food† expanding customer’s base through educating others about healthy eating. F. SWOT Analysis * Strengths NutraSweet is a widely recognized brand name; it had flexibility in positioning their product. The Chinese market favored â€Å"Western† products. NutraSweet was already a familiar taste in already used Chinese products although it was not publicized. NutraSweets EPS has been steadily rising (1995 @ $6. 36) * Weaknesses Research conducted may not depict the Chinese culture accurately. Research conducted may not be a truthful representation of the action Chinese consumers will actually take. Management had a narrow focus view of NutraSweet’s possibility of success in China * Opportunities NutraSweet can be marketed as â€Å"food for a healthy lifestyle†. Chinese market is an untapped, growing market with a growing disposable income. NutraSweet can expand their customer base through education. China is a unique place with distinct markets, culture and tastes * Threats NutraSweet is a substitute to white sugar and is more expensive. Health concerns about the use of Aspartame in NutraSweet. Chinese consumers do not consume the same amount of sugar as the average person in the US. There’s competition against MNC’s wanting to enter a developing market like China G. Challenges * How can NutraSweet be attractive to a society where consumers for the most part are skinny and do not eat that much sugar? * Was choosing SRG to conduct their door-to-door interviews of 200 random costumers a good idea? * How can NutraSweet compete for consumer’s share of mind and share of discretionary income? * Shall NutraSweet be launched in Taiwan or Hong Kong instead of China? * Was NutraSweet priced and positioned appropriately for the Chinese consumers? How well prepared is NutraSweet to integrate themselves into the Chinese market (i. e. staff, management, understanding of Chinese rules)? Recommendation * Extend the test period to beyond 3-months and create a test market * Better cultural understanding: the management team could have continued marketing it as a medical aid for diabetics which was already culturally accepted * Investigate in depth existing com panies that did not succeed and learn from them * Tailor the packaging and messaging toward the Chinese Consumers. Or repackage it and detach it from the stigma * Educate consumers about the uses and benefits of NutraSweet for diabetics * Partner with companies who can use NutraSweet as their main ingredient instead of being a stand-alone name REFERENCES Yoshino, Michael and Knoop, Carin-Isabel (1996). NutraSweet in China (A), Cambridge: Harvard Business Review Koetler Keller. (2012). Marketing Management 14th edition. New Jersey, US

Palliative Care Essays - Hospice, Palliative Medicine,

Palliative Care The role of the expert palliative care nurse is complex and unique. The nurse functions as an integral part of a Multidisciplinary team, providing expert skilled assessment and nursing care, supporting the patient and the family to make informed choices thereby encouraging the patient to continue to make autonomous decisions about their care towards the end of their life. However, often the nurse will find herself dealing with difficult family dynamics with family members having differing expectations of the type of care that the patient should be receiving, staff conflict over treatment methods or strategies and high workloads. These issues can only compound the stresses on the Palliative Care Nurse and to cope with the many dilemmas she must be well armed. The complex needs of the terminally ill patients and their families make the multidisciplinary team approach the most effective method of care Staff from a range of disciplines including medical, nursing, social work, dietitian, physiotherapist, pharmacist and others bring diverse and unique skills. As a team they provide an excellent sounding board for ethical dilemmas thereby hopefully- enhancing ethical practice. (Latimer, 1998) The Nurse in her role is required to act as patient advocate and ensure that the patients rights are respected. Unfortunately this advocacy is sometimes perceived negatively as a threat or implied criticism of medical care. Doctors need to listen to the nurses more accurate perspective of patient concerns. Consistency across the team leads to better outcomes for patients. Reinforcing the same information by both medical and nursing staff help to allay patient anxiety far more than conflicting views on such things as symptom control. (Jeffrey, 1995) The members of the Multidisciplinary team sometimes make decisions. regarding treatments, which they may perceive to be of the most benefit to the patient whilst in fact the patient, does not perceive the benefits in quite the same way. Nurses have more prolonged contact with the patient than most other members of the team due to the hands on patient care that they do. They often establish a close rapport with the patient and the family and are most likely to be aware of the patients likes, dislikes, hopes and dreams and are privy to often delicate and very private details of the patients life. The very fact that the nurse spends so much time with the patient makes them more likely to have knowledge of this kind of information. Doctors rounds in a Palliative Care Unit enable the doctor to spend perhaps 30minutes maximum per day in talking to the patient. In the community, appointments times with Doctors are restrictive and Home Visits limited. Patient Nurse dependency ratios in hospitals and palliative care units mean that Nurses are spending approxi mately four hours per day on one to one patient contact. Again, other team members are very limited in the amount of time they spend with patients due to the number of clients/patients they may have. A dietitian for example may spend 15 minutes with a patient twice during their six-week stay in a Palliative Care Unit or 30 minutes as an outpatient during the course of the Terminal illness. Social workers often spend long periods at a time with patients and/or their families in lengthy discussion however these discussions may only take place a couple of times over the period of the illness. Therefore the Nurse is far more likely to be aware of issues affecting patient care. There can be many difficulties for the Nurse expert providing high quality care to palliative patients whilst respecting their right to autonomy In the setting of the Palliative Care Unit, the role of the Nurse is to painstakingly assess the needs of patient and family. These needs may be constantly changing and there is no room for the Palliative Care Nurse to become complacent in her patient care. Symptoms may be physical such as pain, nausea, and dyspnoea or psychosocial or spiritual. In identifying care needs the nurse must be able to determine who is the most appropriate team member to refer to provide optimum management of these needs. E.g. although the expert nurse will have counselling skills, she must be aware of her limitations and refer on where appropriate to counsellors, psychologist

Biography of W.E.B. Du Bois, Activist and Scholar

Biography of W.E.B. Du Bois, Activist and Scholar W.E.B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt; February 23, 1868–August 27, 1963) was a pivotal sociologist, historian, educator, and sociopolitical activist who argued for immediate racial equality for African-Americans. His emergence as a black leader paralleled the rise of the  Jim Crow laws of the South and the Progressive Era. He was a co-founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and has been called the Father of Social Science and the Father of Pan-Africanism. Fast Facts: W.E.B. Du Bois Known For:  Editor, writer, political activist for racial equality, co-founder of the NAACP, often called the Father of Social Science and the Father of Pan-AfricanismBorn:  February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, MassachusettsParents: Alfred and Mary Silvina Du BoisDied:  August 27, 1963 in Accra, GhanaEducation: Fisk University, Harvard University (first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University)Published Works: The Philadelphia Negro,  The Souls of Black Folk, The Negro, The Gift of Black Folk,  Black Reconstruction,  The Color of Democracy, The CrisisAwards and Honors: Spingarn Medal, Lenin Peace Prize  Spouse(s): Nina Gomer, Lola Shirley Graham, JuniorChildren: Burghardt, Yolande, stepson, David Graham Du BoisNotable Quote: â€Å"Now is the accepted time, not tomorrow, not some more convenient season. It is today that our best work can be done and not some future day or future year. It is today that we fit ourselves for the greater usefuln ess of tomorrow. Today is the seed time, now are the hours of work, and tomorrow comes the harvest and the playtime.† Early Life and Education Du Bois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, on February 23, 1868. The Du Bois family was one of the few black families living in the predominantly white town. In high school, Du Bois was already focussing on racial inequality. At age 15, he became the local correspondent for the  New York Globe  and gave lectures and wrote editorials, spreading his ideas that  black people needed to politicize themselves. Du Bois attended an integrated school where he excelled. Upon his graduation from high school, members of his community awarded Du Bois with a scholarship to attend Fisk University. While at Fisk, Du Bois experience of racism and poverty was markedly different from his life in Great Barrington. Du Bois, consequently, decided to dedicate his life to ending racism and uplifting black Americans. In 1888, Du Bois graduated from Fisk and was accepted to Harvard University where he earned a master’s degree, a doctorate, and a fellowship to study for two years at the University of Berlin in Germany. He was the first black American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University. Academic Teaching Career Du Bois followed his first teaching job at Wilberforce University with a fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania to conduct a research project in Philadelphia’s seventh ward slums. Researching racism as a  social system, he was determined to learn as much as he could in an attempt to find the â€Å"cure† for prejudice and discrimination. His investigation, statistical measurements, and  sociological interpretation  of this endeavor were published as  The Philadelphia Negro. This was the first time such a scientific approach to studying social phenomenon was undertaken, which is why Du Bois is often called the Father of Social Science. Du Bois next taught at Atlanta University, where he remained for 13 years. At Atlanta University, he  studied and wrote  about morality, urbanization, business and education, the church, and crime as it affected black society. His main goal was to encourage and help social reform. Opposition to Booker T. Washington Initially, Du Bois agreed with the philosophy of Booker T. Washington, the preeminent leader of African-Americans during the Progressive Era. Washingtons activism and life work were all aimed to help black Americans become skilled in industrial and vocational trades so they could open businesses, assimilate into American society as engaged citizens, and become self-reliant. Du Bois, however, came to greatly disagree with Washingtons incremental, compromising approach and he outlined his arguments in his collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903. In these essays, Du Bois argued that white Americans needed to take responsibility for their contributions to the problem of racial inequality. He delineated the flaws he saw in Washington’s argument, but nevertheless, he also agreed that black Americans must take better advantage of educational opportunities to uplift their race as they simultaneously fought racism directly. In The Souls of Black Folk he elaborated on his concept of double-consciousness: It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at ones self through the eyes of others, of measuring ones soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. Organizing for Racial Equality In July 1905, Du Bois organized the Niagara Movement with William Monroe Trotter. Niagara Movement took a more militant approach to fighting racial inequality. Its chapters throughout the United States fought local acts of discrimination and the national organization published a newspaper, Voice of the Negro. The Niagara Movement dismantled in 1909 and Du Bois, along with several other members, joined with white Americans to establish the NAACP. Du Bois was appointed director of research. In 1910, he left Atlanta University to work full-time as the publications director at the NAACP, where he served as the editor of their magazine The Crisis from 1910 to 1934. In addition to urging black American readers to become socially and politically active, the hugely successful publication later showcased literature and visual art of the Harlem Renaissance. Break With the NAACP By the 1930s, the NAACP had become increasingly institutionalized while Du Bois had become more radical. Because of these differences with the NAACP, he left the magazine and organization in 1934 and returned to teaching at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of a number of African American leaders investigated by the FBI, which claimed that in 1942 his writings indicated he was a socialist. At the time, Du Bois was chairman of the Peace Information Center and was one of the signers of the Stockholm Peace Pledge, which opposed the use of nuclear weapons. Racial Upliftment Throughout Du Bois’ career, he worked tirelessly to end racial inequality. Through his membership in the American Negro Academy, Du Bois developed the idea of the â€Å"Talented Tenth,† arguing that educated African-Americans could lead the fight for racial equality in the United States. Du Bois’ ideas about the importance of education would be present again during the Harlem Renaissance. During this flowering of black literary, visual, and musical art, Du Bois argued that racial equality could be gained through the arts. Using his influence during his time as editor of The Crisis, Du Bois promoted the work of many African-American visual artists and writers. Pan-Africanism Du Bois concern for racial equality was not limited to the United States. He was an activist for equality for people of African descent throughout the world. As a leader of the Pan-African movement, Du Bois organized conferences for the Pan-African Congress, including its first in 1919. Leaders from Africa and the Americas assembled to discuss racism and oppression- issues that people of African descent faced all over the world. In 1961, Du Bois moved to Ghana and renounced his U.S. citizenship. Death Over the course of his two years in Ghana, Du Bois health deteriorated. He died there on August 27, 1963, at age 95.  Du Bois was given a state funeral in Accra, Ghana. Legacy Du Bois was a central leader in the fight for racial upliftment and equality in the 20th century. In the world of academia, he is considered to be one of the founders of modern sociology. His body of work  inspired the creation of a critical journal of black politics, culture, and society called  Souls. His legacy is honored annually by  the American Sociological Association  with an award for a career of distinguished scholarship given in his name. Sources Appiah, Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, editors. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press, 2005  Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt). Autobiography of W.E.B. DuBois: a soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of its first century. International Publishers, 1968.Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868–1919. Henry Holt and Company, 1993

Effects of Divorce on Children's Achievements in School Research Proposal

Effects of Divorce on Children's Achievements in School - Research Proposal Example The present study makes an attempt to study the consequences of divorce on the child's education and academic achievement as compared to their previous academic records. The present study is a descriptive study because it involves comparison of previous existing academic records about the students and comparing the same with the latest records which will help to analyze the effect of divorce on their academic brilliance. The development of society has led to many changes in the lives of people. The new age of information has resulted in changing attitudes with regard to their approach towards life and relationship which was earlier a bonding of different lives. The approach, the present paper highlights is about divorce which is ever increasing in developed countries, but developing nations are not left behind as the trend is followed over there too. Divorce is technically the formal dissolution of marriage which is more often conceived as the catalyst for the increasing family fragmentation characterizing contemporary western societies. It is further important to mention that divorce reflects the changing societal values and norms concerning marriage, gender, children, parenting and care giving (David Clarke, 2007). According to Bane (cited in Hetherington, Cox and Cox, 1982) high rate of divorce per se is not a matter for concern in a society that values individual choice, even though some of the consequences may warrant societal attention. Divorce, in legal terms, is an end to marriage but the separation has greater impact on various factors which also includes children's welfare, education and their academic and social development. According to Bumpass (cited in Keith and Finlay, 1988), the increasing prevalence of divorce involving children is an important topic which needs to be studied over the period of time so as to ascertain the effects of divorce on their academic achievements. Some of the previous studies with regard to effects of divorce on children's education have led to a conclusion that there is no significant effect once adequate controls for social class are introduced. In a longitudinal study carried out by Cherlin, Furstenberg, Chase-Lansdale, Kiernan, Robins, Morrison and Teitler (1991) it was revealed that the academic performance of the children, both boys and girls, has reduced as compared to their previous performance when their parents didn't separat ed. However it is pertinent to mention here that the effect of divorce in girls was minimal as compared to that of boys. An early research into the effects of divorce on young minds by Judith Wallerstein and her colleagues which included 60 divorced couples and their 131 children, it was revealed that almost half of the participants were characterized as worried, underachieving, self deprecating and sometimes angry young man and women (Weiten, Lloyd, Dunn and Hammer, 2008). Research Methodology Research is a way of thinking, critically examining the various aspects of the subject being studied, understanding and formulating guiding principles that govern a particular procedure; and developing and testing new theories (Kumar, 2005).

Controversy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Controversy Analysis - Essay Example Notably, Zhang (2011) identifies that china sits on the world’s most underdeveloped resource of shale gas. Significantly, China has adopted the above drilling technology in order to replicate US’s victory in utilizing unconventional energy. Considerably, the debate rests on safety and the suitability of the technology in china. That is, whether china has conducted an efficient situational analysis before embarking on fracking process (Zhang 3). It is worthwhile noting that, China hopes that shale gas can change her the same way it has transformed the US boom. However, currently there is little production commercially; hence, the 6 billion in cubic meters of shale gas target by 2015 seems impossible according to experts. The insufficient experience among some firms in exploiting shale will create a significant challenge to mine the gas. Additionally, if the firms cannot deliver the country has to struggle to diminish its reliance on expensive oil and gas imports. Moreove r, the action winner must buy in the proficiency they require; hence, offering the scene of worthwhile contracts for specialist firms for the fracking technology to mine the gas. Notably, Zhang (2011) identifies that the initial shale auction in the past two years was under the dominance of key state energy firms in china (Zhang 5). The second action witnessed the entrance of myriad firms, a, electric group that entailed a developer of real estate, a trader of grain, and a dealer of tobacco, enticed by subsidies of gas and assisted by funds access. The bidder’s profile reflected the fever pitch out off shale, as well as its potential along with the government’s efforts to imitate the circumstances that underpinned the US revolution of shale; competition among a number of autonomous drillers. Significantly, they will have acquired insignificant data regarding the blocks, the costs of the well’s exploration and the costs of the development process. Mainly the firm s are merely driven by the forces of entering early in somewhat a huge market. It is significant emphasizing that, the potential in china is clear. Significantly the government has put technically remunerable shale gas reserves at about 25 tcm. In comparison, the US Agency on energy information puts it at about 36.1 tcm, both of which are langer compared to US reserves which are estimated at around 24.4 tcm. However, the shale deposits in china are significantly found deeper underground compared to the ones in the US and there are more scattered reserves; hence, making it complex to acclimatize the technology that has delivered in the US to the geology of china. Notably, the key oil firms like PetroChina, as well as Sinopec working on what are regarded among the excellent prospects have made slow progress. Considerably, Zhang (2011) identifies that by the year 2012 they had drilled over 60 wells of shale especially around the Sichuan basin, although PetroChina had produced merely ov er 11 mcm in its key area by the month of November same year. Notably, the work for the winning companies in the second auctions is made significantly difficult by the problem of insufficient potential in the offered acreage (Zhang 4). Background Companies such as RSDSA and Petroleum corp. of china have started drilling shale gas in Sicuan. Notably, the above- mentioned province is seismically active, a process which increases the risk of causing quakes.

Conflicts can lead to distruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflicts can lead to distruction - Essay Example As per the assumptions and predictions among political observers, China may replace America from the superpower post in near future itself. It should be noted that communism is prevailing in China whereas Japan is a democratic country. Naturally, America’s policies are more aligned more in favour of Japan rather than China. â€Å"Its approach seems to have been "planned by bookworms and entrepreneurs, rather than politicians† (Jingsheng). America knows that a war between Japan and China would slow down the progress of China considerably and hence they are not doing anything to ease the tensions between these countries. This paper analyses the China and Japan confrontation over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands through the lenses of Classical Realism and Neorealism. Key facts Japan annexed the islands in 1895 China started showing interest in them only in the early 1970sNo one has lived in any of these two islands after WW2 These two islands are very small in size The islands, known as the Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China China’s interest in the islands rose in the late 1960s, when scientists began saying the nearby seafloor could hold oil deposits (Fackler) The current tensions began earlier this year when the nationalist governor of Tokyo announced his desire to buy three of the islands from their owner, a Japanese citizen (Territorial dispute involving Japan) Predictions of Realist theory and Neorealist theory Realism explains the relationships between nations in terms of power. In realist theories power is defined as capabilities that can create influence. Military force is perceived as the most important element of power by realists. States with higher power always use its power for getting leverages in a bargaining process. However, strategies and other parameters also have the ability to influence the outcome of a negotiation or barging process (Chapter Summary). Realist theories believe that self-interest is the primary objective which drives international politics. It argues that international systems are highly anarchic, a concept which believes that there is no universal sovereign government which can resolve international disputes. Neorealist theories argue that states by their nature are security seeking. In other words, security and survival are the primary objectives of each state. Another concept of neorealist theory is that states seek only relative security in comparison to other states (Bordner, p.1). Neorealism argues that there are only three possible systems in international politics; a unipolar system, bipolar system and multipolar system. In their opinion, bipolar system is more stable than multipolar system because of the greater balancing act it can provide. Neorealism believes that war is inevitable and permanent peace is only a distant dream because of the anarchic structure of current international system. Classical Realist explanation of the China-Japan island confrontation   â€Å"The val ue of the islands has never been in their aesthetics, but in history and geopolitics: what control of the islands says about the relative power of Asia’s two economic giants, one rising and the other in what many see as a slow decline†(Fackler). China is one of the rapidly emerging economies in the world at present. Many people believe that China may expel America from the superpower spot in near future itself. In fact no other country in the world at present is capable of matching the economic growth of China. In fact the recent

Guilloche Pattern Algorithms

Guilloche Pattern Algorithms Documents are protected from forgeries now a days by complex patterns such as guilloches which are efficiently used in currency, identity cards, auto registration certificate, fiscal marks, policy forms and licenses, travel documents, tickets etc. Guilloches are intricate patterns have high efficiency. These are difficult combination of thin and continue lines which have a difficult structure and clear spacing of 1-2mm. These additionally are called periodic parts, and usually present document pictures, for example, multi dimensional images, watermarks that rehash themselves in different courses in order to add the flavor of complexity in it. Although these patterns were utilized as a part of old circumstances as decorative elements; architectural designs; on gold and silver coins; on watches; with the evolution of technology these motives are used in the modern times on currency, holograms, official, documents etc. This dissertation describes the algorithms for outlining guilloche pattern. Guilloche elements are created step by step. Firstly, the algorithms are intended for basic structures. Bases designed are a line, a circle, an ellipse, a polygon, an ellipses arc, circumscribed polygon in circle and ellipse, stars concave and convex, floral pattern. Also the complex patterns are generated from the combination of basic bases. The structures are designed using concepts of co-ordinate geometry and calculation of pixels in MATLAB. These basic structures are formed by creating various functions. Function creations are designed with some functionality. The rotation (rotation of single element from 0Â ° to 360Â °), the phase difference (sets the phase shifting of function), the interval (sets the measure of the periodic repetitions) and many more functionality is depicted in chapters. Functions are the objects defined by a user and implemented for the depiction of bends and surfaces. These patterns can be set with the concept of pixels that amalgamate. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Guilloche Pattern Guilloche is a decorative, architectural element and an engraving technique which is very intricate, yet precise, recursive pattern or design. Guilloche is synonymous with the term Engine Turning or Rose Engine. The technique of engine turning, alluded to as architectural ornament in French when the French engineer Guillot, United Nations agency fancied a machine that might scratch fine patterns and styles on auriferous. Machine improved upon the longer overwhelming apply of creating similar styles by hand. It is engraved on jewelry and watches, erected on stones or wood for architecture. These are vintage plan components that were much of the time utilized for against duplicating security essentially on banknotes, travel permits, checks and authentications amid the previous two hundred years. These are additionally called symmetrical examples, archives insurance from frauds has dependably been one of the real assignments in any general public at all circumstances. Due to its high potency guilloches, currently a days architectural ornament style is in our daily life, as an example bills, checks, ID cards, passports, driver licenses, automobiles registration certificates, business enterprise marks, policy forms and licenses, travel documents, tickets, and several other documents together with tutorial diplomas or certificates. Any reasonable document needs some complicated graphics to keep the persons identity secretive. Guilloche pattern are periodic patterns usually casted on documents pictures as holograms, watermarks or architectural ornament components that are largely used to secure from fraud and falsification. The guilloche images are difficult blend of narrow and continuous lines that have a troublesome structure and typical spacing of 1-2 millimeter unit or any appropriate activity. Fundamental structure can be of these sorts for outlining: a line, an ellipse, a polygon, a rectangle, a poly-line, an ellipses arc, an oval, a spline, a spiral, an evolvent, a lissage. These are utilized to outline different sorts of complex guilloche design. Guilloche provides the extremely high level of security. Its composition cannot be precisely reproduced on a digital manigraph so far. The terribly tiny thickness of lines and the constant modification of curvature of each line produce insuperable obstacles to a block with associate meager for these days discrimination capability. 1.2 Historical Background The earthenware rooftop tiles tiles are appeared in the second quarter of the seventh century BC on the Temple of Apollo at Corinth in Greece. Firstly the innovation spread to Italy, in third and fourth quarters of that century where tiles are found at Poggio Civitate (Murlo) and Acquarossa in Etruria. At Poggio Civitate, tiled roofs occur on a workshop alluded to as the Southeast Building. At Acquarossa, these patterns were designed on roofs and lower parts of buildings. Also the most earliest tiled rooftops residential designs are altogether in view of these patterns. The same fundamental tile forms as occur on the first Corinthian roof alluded to as flat pan tiles and convex cowl tiles square measure used, with adjustments in scale and style (littler size, isolate container and cover components). At Acquarossa, a similar sort of cavetto sima with shaded tongue example is found among the most punctual compositional earthenware pieces from Sicily, at Syracuse furthermore, a revetment plaque with the same double guilloche design is found in the early 6th century BC, on the Temple of Artemis in Corfu, and in Sicily. Attempts to explain these shared features (e.g., exchange Greek items where the guilloche is repeated on bronzes and painted pottery) have failed to explain their identical placement in the roofing systems. The perirrhanterion is subsidized by sculpted figures stand for potnia theron, the same spiritual being recognized by Nielsen within the picture of the early Poggio Civitate workshop roof wherever feminine heads area unit flanked by feline heads. Temple in Corfu for tongue and guilloche patterns rather than just paint, can be attributed to employment of local workers and the following of local traditions and preferences. The artisans going with Demaratus would apparently have prepared neighborhood specialists in specialized matters of generation and sent them out to set up nearby workshops. In ancient times the dining room was decorated by some symmetric patterns of Roman Villas and these patterns were inherited from Greek. It is used in the Chedworth Roman Villa in the United Kingdom. Since 1903, the main large and intricate swastika meander (decorative boarder) pattern of this dining room has received much attention and is more complex. The creators developed a simple geometric algorithm in its generation. In the past 100 years such patterns have been analyzed and compared predominantly by means of the symmetry properties they possess are getter options. According to Radovic and Jablan the theory of symmetry, virtually taken from mathematical natural philosophy, is perhaps not the only suggests that, and may not be the only clarification for the event of ancient anti-symmetric design. Even algorithmic, machine, and standard approaches. The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica defines the term Guilloche as an architectural element, a French word for an ornament, either painted or carved, which was one in all the principal ornamental bands used by the Greeks in their temples or on their vases. The definition Guilloches are single, double or triple; they in-corporates a collection of circles equal one from the opposite and enclosed in an exceedingly band that winds spherical them and interlaces.

Animal Farm-a political satire :: Animal Farm Essays

The book Animal Farm, is a political satire of a totalitarian society ruled by a mighty dictatorship, in all probability an allegory for the events surrounding the Russian Revolution. The animals of "Manor Farm" overthrow their human master (Mr. Jones) after a long history of mistreatment. Little by little, the pigs become dominant, gaining more power and advantage over the other animals, so much so that they become as corrupt and power-hungry as their predecessors, the humans. Major (an old boar) tells them that the source of all their problems is man, and that they must remove man from their midst for hopes of a Utopia. After Major's death Napoleon and Snowball, two boars led the rebellion where soon things start to change. Orwell builds Napoleon's career in reference to this quote, "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely." Napoleon cheated, manipulated, and killed because of greediness for one's place in power. Mr. Jones tries to re claim his power but the animals prevent him from doing so in what they call "The Battle of the Cowshed." After the battle, Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm telling everyone that Snowball was on Mr. Jones' side. This is just the beginning of what Napoleon's plans are for the future of Manor Farm. This is no surprise coming from Napoleon, based on what he has done before, always disagreeing with Snowballs plans and thinking of his own. Napoleon is further appreciated by the other animals for exposing and removing the traitor, Snowball, from their midst. Napoleon now is on the midst of gaining more power then he could possibly handle. On one part, he didn't get this power fairly in the first place. Napoleon didn't do much while Snowball was around, so when Napoleon thought that the pigs were becoming corrupt bye Snowball. The theme in Animal Farm maintains that in every society there are leaders who, if given the opportunity, will likely abuse their power. The pigs, the most intelligent of the animals, gain control to make wise decision against the humans, but in turn they turn against each other. In one part of the book Napoleon had used the dogs to kill what he believed were the traitors at Manor Farm. Some of the pigs had confessed to being apart of Snowballs plans and having something to do with the neighboring farms, so Napoleon had them all killed in front of all the other animals.

World War I and World War II

The period after World War I and World War II, this was approximately during the years 1919 to 1944, and after 1946, various sentiments appeared ranging from loss, death, suffering, happy to be alive and family reunions.   Since people are still experiencing the aftermath of the war, poets and authors alike were also feeling the fever. Rupert Brooke was well known for his war poems that vividly described what he saw, relating the fear and devastation he felt while fighting in the battlefield. Fiction novelist D.H. Laurence, poetess Edna St. Vincent Millay and Robert Frost became well known for their works that includes Women in Love, A Few Figs from Thistles and a   Pulitzer Award Winning collection of poems, respectively. However, other authors like John Hall Wheelock began publishing The Liberator, a weekly journal of criticizing the current society radically, where he soon became affiliated with the communist party. There were some who were not contented with the result of the war and went on to protest through their writings. Filling up the people’s mind with â€Å"what if† questions, and â€Å"if this was what they want†. This somehow changed the people’s view and a mixture of reactions was raised against their current situation. For example in the aftermath of World War II, a wave of sympathy was given to the holocaust survivors, while others, still, believed in Hitler’s ideology. From this event, numerous autobiographical accounts were published, the famous of which was The Diary of Anne Frank. Nonetheless, the conflict that arose from this era was that people became too sensitive in what was written down in journals, poems, stories or even in any articles. Such sensitivity was somehow dreadful for the literature world since authors did not have the liberty anymore to write anything out of topic and was not able to deviate from the current issues that were going on at that time. Works Cited Online Focus. War Poets. A Newshour with Jim Lehrer Transcript. February 17, 2003. November 5, 2007. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/jan-june03/war_poets_2-17.html World Chronology(1919, 1920). Answers.Com Website. November 5, 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/1919?cat=technology#literature http://www.answers.com/topic/1920?cat=technology#literature  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Between The Covers Rare Books, Inc. Website. November 5, 2007. http://www.betweenthecovers.com/btc/awards/1000304   

Womens Rights Essays - Gender Studies, Misogyny, Womens Rights

Womens Rights Essays - Gender Studies, Misogyny, Womens Rights Women's Rights We live in an age where women have gained access, and freedoms to explore a wide range of interests, and life styles more then they ever could in the past. Freedoms to enter the man's work force. Freedom to hold banking accounts, and get mortgages, and loans. In some states, they even have the freedom to marry the same sex. In this age of increasing change, there is one area that I feel women should be protected from, and that is hand to hand combat. I was raised in a household where both parents were in the workforce, and raised two children at the same time. I was what you would call a latchkey child, I came home every day to a bowl of cereal, cartoons, and an empty house. However, at home the traditional gender roles were followed, I took out the trash, and mowed the lawn, while my mother and sister cooked meals, and washed clothes. I believe in traditional roles, because they work. I missed having my parents around, to talk to, and ask advise. It is my hope! that the youth of tomorrow will have a mother to come home to, to laugh, ask advise, and most importantly to love. Situated at the gateway to Arlington National Cemetery, there is a memorial being built. The "Women in Military Service for America" Memorial will recognize the 1.8 million women who have served from the American Revolution to present, according to the Air Force News service. The idea of women serving in the military in not a new concept, the idea Architect's model for the Women in Military Service For America Memorial. The memorial is planned for the gateway to Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C of them serving in hand to hand combat, however is. There is currently a law that keeps women out of combat, and protects them from direct harm. Several issues come into play when you consider women serving in the military, including childcare, pregnancy, sexual harassment, and physical requirements. When it comes to child care, often the services provided on base are not accessible at the times needed, and when the parents are stationed overseas, they must deal with non-English speaking care-givers. Sexual harassment (as we have seen over and over in dozens of news reports of women being assaulted or harassed by their superiors) is prevalent in the military. Young women arrive at training grounds straight out of boot camp after weeks pushing their physical limits. They are taught above all else to respect authority and to follow orders. What many encountered at this early moment in their military careers was, at minimum, abuse by the authority they were supposed to respect. What others encountered were, at worst, orders that Sgt. Delmar G. Simpson is said to have given more than one of his alleged rape victims: "If you ever tell anyone about this, I'll hurt you." There has been debate about whether or not women should have a separate boot camp, or if they should remain integrated with the men. There are positive and negative aspects to each of these cases. If the men and women are integrated, they learn to work together, respect each other abilities, and learn how the opposite sex react to high-pressure situations. If however, the training was segregated, then there would be less of a chance of a female officer coming under friendly fire of sexual combat, from their own superiors. I feel that women should be protected from physical harm, i.e. hand to hand combat, as well as emotional harm. The question we need to ask ourselves is "Are we willing to pay the price to have our mothers in combat?" Air force news service. "Memorial to honor women servicemembers" af.mil/pa/Jun95/an062095_20jun95_645.html Goodman, Ellen. "Women put in harm's way" Boston Globe 16 Nov. 1996. Military Woman Home Page "Military Family Life and Childcare" militarywoman.org/family.htm

Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays

Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay constitution of agritourism development and presentation program had taken topographic point ( Hsu, 2005 ) . The plantation countries in Sumatra and Java in Indonesia have been developed chiefly for rural touristry. In Korea, a group of more than five farm families with place stay small towns near tourer resorts have been developed as tourist-farms. In Malaysia, the authorities pumps out most of the financess for more than 30 agritourism centres ( Sharpley A ; Vass, 2006 ) . Malayan Minister of Agriculture has emphasized the importance of revolutionising the agribusiness sector, in the conference of Malaysia Agriculture, Horticulture and Crops, saying, we will besides seek to transform many of our agricultural and research Stationss in to tourers finishs ( Hamid, 2000 ) . Hsu ( 2005 ) has reported that, in Taiwan, agritourism was proposed by the Department of Agricultural Extension of the National Taiwan University and the Council of Agriculture in 1989. In 1993, the council of Agriculture advocated the Leisure Farm guiding Development and Management Program to help the husbandmans those who were interested in diversifying their direction schemes. In 1996, the Leisure Farm Guiding Regulations was formulated by the authorities. Other than the old aims, encouragement of farm proprietors to incorporate local cultural activities into their direction schemes to boot the local economic system was besides emphasized. In India Agro Rural Tourism ( ART ) is a plan to happen solution to get the better of agriculture job. So, the Agro Rural Tourism can be a best auxiliary concern for Agriculture. ART is traveling to be organized non merely on a developed secret plan like a resort, but besides on the huge atmosphere of activity agriculture set up, if this agriculture is decently integrated and sustainable, of course. Importance will be given to the ecological deductions of the country. Thus ART will automatically back up the planetary construct of Environmental Security . Besides, Haryana Tourism, ( 2007 ) reported that, Haryana Tourism in India is the first province in the state established agritourism coaction with 13 farms near Delhi which seeks to open a view of new chances such as musical sound of nature, pure air, seting babe seeds, siting bullock carts, organic nutrient, cultural heritage, common people traditions, joys of nature etc. The farms are located in Faridabad, Gurgon, Rohtak and Karnal territories of Haryana. Other than theses topographic points, there are agritourism finishs in countries such as Mahrashtra, Kerala, Panjab etc. Agribusiness and agritourism in Thailand is traveling in front, compared to other states in the part. At present, 80 Agricultural experiment Stationss are in the state supplying support for the agribusiness sector in legion ways. Out of 80 the experiment Stationss, 17 Stationss have been developed by the Department of Agriculture as agritourism operations sing the suited characteristics of each finish like educational value, their location, importance as a premier touristry topographic point, their available boarding installation etc. It is reported that there is a high demand for those finishs by local every bit good as foreign visitants. Guide book to agritourism introduced by the secretary of the Tourism Office, Department of Agriculture, provides all the utile information for all 17 centres including the critical tourer calendar ( Department of Agriculture Thailand, 2004 ) . Other than Public agritourism centres, there are many private finishs which provide the service to visitan ts in assorted graduated tables. Farm Chokchai in Nawankoon, Choto Re Leai in Loei, VaVee Station and Doi Tuny in Chiang Ria, Ang Kang Station ( Royal undertaking ) in Chiang Mai are some of the best illustrations. Agritourism in Sri Lanka is in the emerging phase and there are merely a few finishs available at present in the state. Although there are installations to see farm lands by public free of charge upon anterior petition, agritourism as a concern is still a new construct for most of the rural countries. Besides, husbandmans have deficiency of cognition and accomplishment to get down agritourism operations on their ain. Though a few husbandmans have the possible, they need outside support and counsel to originate. Although there is certain degree of experiences on agritourism in few Asiatic states, most of the presently available experiences are chiefly from economically advanced states holding big farms. For case, in USA and Canada, the mean size of a small-scale farm is 1000 hour angle and in Canada 1500ha severally, and they are much larger than large-scale farms in Asia. So, there is a uncertainty whether we can use these experiences straight to Asiatic states like Sri Lanka, particularly to the small-scale rural husbandmans. Summarizing up the facts, it is really apparent that agritourism, as a turning sector, has a sound foundation for bring forthing income in rural countries of many states. Wicks A ; Merrett ( 2003 ) have mentioned that, agritourism development can be successfully integrated into local economic systems, environment and rural life styles without a great break. However, in some state of affairss they have non been able to give the expected result. Furthermore, most of the experiences of agritourism which I came across during my literature study were, from developed and good advanced states. Compared to developing states, those husbandmans have big size farms, good instruction A ; engineering and a batch of other installations and authorities support to run a farm concern good. Besides, general people have a batch of chances to prosecute in travel and touristry as visitants. But, the status of the farms in Sri Lanka is different in many facets. Therefore, the inquiry we have is whether agritourism in Sri Lanka would give the same result as the other developed counties? 3.2.9 Agritourism and farm touristry Farm touristry can be explained as the procedure of sing a farm for a vacation, take parting in its operations and larning about agriculture. Harmonizing to Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited ( 2012 ) the construct of farm touristry envisages engagement of private sector the husbandmans / farm house proprietors based on public private partnership. The farm house proprietors act as both hosts and ushers to the sing tourer. Preference is given to farm which have agricultural land attached. The farm house proprietor is supposed to supply place cooked nutrient, stay installations and demo the visitant the agricultural patterns such as flower gardening, harvest home, bee maintaining, dairying etc. and present to him the small town manner of life through assorted participatory activities. The visitants can bask the natural milieus in fresh air. The visitant gets an exposure of local community life which means go toing a panchayet meeting, exposure of local vocals, nutrient, dances, art a nd trade etc.The circuit of small town includes sing the local craftsmans like the carpenter, blacksmith etc. The visitants have experience of festival juncture such as matrimony and local repasts. They can besides take part or witness small town games such as wresting, gulidanda kite winging and have ride on bullock cart, tractor etc. Experiences such as leaping on the hay and taking bath in the well could be alone characteristic for the people and kids from urban countries. They can besides see the of import carnivals and festivals being organized in these countries along with of import memorials, have prevarications, historical sites etc. Each farm can take at developing a alone merchandising point some are specialising in organic agriculture ) . The footings farm touristry and agritourism are used interchangeably, as penchant for usage is different geographically. In England, the term farm touristry is used ; on the East Coast, agritourism is used ( Rilla, 2012 ) . Use of the term farm touristry is non every bit common as agritourism and most of the writers have used the term agritourism and farm touristry interchangeably or as equivalent word in their surveies ( Beglaryan, 2011 ; Phillip, Hunter A ; Blackstone, 2010 ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Bruch, 2008 ; Kline et Al ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Barbieri A ; Mshenga, 2008 ; Roberts A ; Hall, 2001 ; Wall, 2000 ) . To the best of my cognition, no 1 has compared and contrast agritourism and farm touristry yet. 3.3 Agritourism and Rural Development There are several groundss for agritourism s part for rural development from assorted states. Not merely in developed states, researches in developing states have besides discovered many happening sing this phenomenon as agritourism has ability to open up alternate income beginnings for the husbandmans every bit good as environing community. A As it is a people-oriented industry, agritourism can offer many occupations which have helped to resuscitate rural economic systems. Agritourism has different ways and agencies of helping rural development and has ability to act upon the economic, socio-cultural and environmental sweetening of some societies. 3.3.1 Agritourism and rural development in developed states There are many important surveies in developed states related to agritourism and rural development. As per the survey of Haghiri and Okech ( 2011 ) on function of the agritourism direction in developing the economic system of rural countries in the state of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada , in rural development, agritourism Acts of the Apostless as a solution for the job of poorness by giving economic chances for the husbandmans. They have mentioned that the publicity of touristry and agritourism activities is one manner to assist develop the economic system of rural countries in the state that is confronting a series of challenges, such as little internal markets ; switching socio-demographics ; deficiency of sufficient investings ; the high rate of emigration ; diseconomies of graduated table ; and the developing economic substructure for the clip being. Further, they have identified three options as get downing the production of new merchandises ; organic fruits and veggies, s pecialized farm animal merchandises like sheep, caprine animals, pelt, electromagnetic unit, coneies, etc. , farm-based nutrient merchandises, such as staff of life, jams and gelatins, and handmade trades and heightening the bing touristry merchandises and besides developing new markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, other states of Canada, and international states. In Bahamas, agritourism usage forward linkages with agribusiness and touristry by direct merchandising of agricultural merchandises and services to the visitants and besides rearward linkages such as indirect attack utilizing an intermediary to supply merchandises to the touristry sector. These activities improve the income of husbandmans and eventually assisting for the rural development ( Hepburn, 2008 ) . Schmitt ( 2010 ) has done a survey on the agrarian adult females s bureau, get bying schemes, visions and wants against the dynamic alterations of the agricultural sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an of import permanent support scheme for some agrarian households, it remains an extra income for others. Either manner, it has turned out to be a beginning of adult females s turning assurance every bit good as a sustainable ingredient of regional development. Agritourism in Italy has able to carry on wide and advanced merchandise scope, sophisticated Marketing systems and most significantly, extended authorities supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear aim in head: To hold rural emigration by maintaining husbandmans on the land ( ibid ) . ( Porcaro, 2009 ) . As per Choo, ( 2012 ) agritourism can give husbandmans an chance to bring forth extra income and to be an avenue for direct selling of the farm merchandises to consumers. It can besides assist antagonize societal and economic jobs of the farms and local occupants ( loss of income, increased disbursals, globalisation, and others ( associated with the diminution of traditional agribusiness industries ) . While the fiscal advantages with regard to employment and rewards are clear, agritourism development can besides heighten the local quality of life. It can function as an of import beginning of revenue enhancement grosss, which may take to higher public services and lower local revenue enhancement rates. agritourism can besides back up preservation of local civilization and traditions, assisting to keep the viability of small-scale agribusiness ( Choo, 2012 ) . In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly supported as one of the rural development schemes. A figure of agritourism endeavors are developing at local degree with voluntary enterprises utilizing the desires of local people and local disposals that want to profit from the installations of agritourism in Turkey. For illustration in, Karaburun and Ankara Villages, agritourism services such as adjustment, tasting and purchasing local nutrients by the urban people and disposal to happen excess income for them ( Topcu-2007 ) . Besides, the BuAYday Association s Ecological Farm Holidays undertaking ( Ta-Tu-Ta Project ) in Turkey is a concerted undertaking conducted by voluntary husbandmans and non-governmental organisation aiming to promote ecological life style. This undertaking stated that husbandmans benefit from agritourism by bring forthing and merchandising of organic merchandises to the visitants. Agritourism aids rural economic development by supplying alternate usage of farming area, increasing gross of on-farm activities, bettering concern sustainability, and conveying economic gross to rural countries both on-site and near the operation. Agritourism besides has the potency for informal agricultural instruction between the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agribusiness ( Jolly A ; Reynolds, 2005 ) . A survey of Nasers, ( 2009 ) in Iowa UAS found that the publicity of agritourism provides a good relationship for local nutrient systems as it helps to heighten the entreaty of local nutrients. Local nutrient has become the consolidative subject of a societal motion to dispute and reshape the modern agri-food system. A local nutrient paradigm, in contrast, emphasizes nutrient quality and freshness, a personal connexion to little and household graduated table farms, environmental protection, community autonomy, and the economic multiplier effects of doing local purchases ( Ostrom, 2006, p. 66 ) . The demand for fresh green goods continues to turn, offering manufacturers the chance to increase their net incomes through direct selling. Direct selling provides a nexus between consumers seeking high-quality green goods and manufacturers who are seeking an chance to vie in the green goods industry ( Kuches et al. ) . In add-on to associating the consumer to the manufacturer, direct sell ing allows the manufacturer to short-circuit the traditional distribution web and gain a greater portion of net incomes ( Kuches et al. ) . As a signifier of direct selling, agritourism creates chances for the manufacturer to associate with their consumer and straight market their merchandises. Furthermore, Agritourism is increasing rural verve and exciting new economic chances through the variegation of farm operations and increased gross on-site and near the operations in Iowa ( Norby and Retallick, 2012 ) . Twe ( 2010 ) have reported that agritourism is progressively being adopted in the United States as it gives a myriad of economic and intrinsic benefits to husbandmans, visitants and communities, supports household farms in concern and continuing American agricultural heritage, maximising the productiveness of farming area resources through their recreational usage, and even better the economic state of affairs of local communities. Besides agritourism is suggested to increase farm grosss and serve other husbandman ends ( Ollenburg A ; Buckley, 2007 ; McGehee A ; Kim, 2004 ; Nickerson et al. , 2001 ) . Farms that diversify into agritourism are likely to use existing resources or other low-input options ( Fisher, 2006 ) . Extra economic support for the farm concern is particularly of import in the current clip due to increased land values and agricultural input costs ( Salamon, 2003 ; Busby A ; Rendle, 1999 ; Ilbery, 1991 ) . Agritourism by and large activates as a little household endeavors, so it s both socially and economically profitable. Besides Agritourism assists to extenuate out-migration from distant countries and generate net income by diversifying economic system. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural countries adds quality to their life ( Monica Iorio A ; Andrea Corsale, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Gale, ( 2006 ) rural touristry endeavors provide fresh beginnings of income for households populating in distant countries. 2002, Sharpley ( 2002 ) has said that agritourism can offer occupation chances for rural people in local trades and vino devising sectors to supply extra income. Agritourism helps repopulation of rural countries, betterment of the populace services, revival of local trades and to increase chances for societal contacts and exchange. Developing and forming agritourism requires a important investing though possible investing is less. ( Sharpley, 2002 ) . Agritourism positive educational force stimulates a thirst for cognition of the outside universe, promoting entrepreneurial activity, supplying excess income, bring forthing new signifiers of employment, making new forms of travel or puting up potentially negative presentation effects, modifying civilization and major economic escapes through multinational engagement ( Hall, 1998 ) . A survey of Beglaryan, ( 2011 ) on Development of Agro touristry in Armenia, agritourism provides the chance to increase the possible forA higherA border, A on-farmA salesA and valueA addedA productsA andA services.A Because most Armenian farms are operated by little landholders, there is great chance for customizat ion and singularity in agritourism attractive forces. Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritourism can lend for the agribusiness rural development in several ways ( Wicks and Marret 2003 ; Bruch, 2008 ) . However, to carry through this status, several other demands and conditions are important. For illustration, Danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attending on barriers and structural defects exist before they focus ( back ) towards the development potency for farms desiring to diversify their concern, and their possibilities for economic support and, merely as of import, advice from the agricultural associations consultancy construction every bit good as from national and regional touristry development organic structures, and perchance webs for rural/farm/green touristry operators to accomplish the full potency of rural touristry in Denmark can be realized. ( Nielsen, Aae Nissen and Just, 2010 ) . With most agricultural manufacturers in Miami-Dade County sing increased force per unit area by developers to sell their lands, lifting operating costs, and dead or worsening net income borders for most of the major agricultural trade goods, agritourism is a possible manner to help with preserving agribusiness and unfastened infinite and lending to the longer- term economic variableness of farm operations. Furthermore, while the benefits of agritourism are critical to the single manufacturers, the benefits travel much further with multiplier effects can hold major impacts on the local economic system ( Evans and Hodges, 2006 ) . The literature reappraisal indicates that agritourism can supply farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as: Generating secondary income for farm operators Continuing the ocular and cultural rural landscape ( Williams A ; Shaw, 1996 ; Luloff et al. , 1 995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ) ; Reducing out migration by supplying occupations ( Friesen ; 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ; Demoi, 1983 ) . ; Bringing a transportation of thoughts from urban to rural countries ( Oppermann, 1996 ) ; Supplying urban people with an experience of rural life ( Lowry, 1996 ; Reid et al. , 1 993 ) ; Diversifying the rural economic system ( Lowry, 1996 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Maude A ; van Rest, 1985 ) ; Making eventual market contacts with urban centres ( Agricultural Land Commission, 1997 ; Bowen et al. , 1991 ; Demoi, 1983 ) ; Making commissariats for certain substructure ( Bowen et al. ; 1991 ) ; and Enhancing the rural individuality of communities and stressing the importance of agribusiness in local countries ( Luloff et al. , 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ) . Therefore, it is important that most of the groundss are from developed states and merely a few are from developing states. 3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing states When agritourism surveies of Asia is concerned, merely a few can be identified. For illustration, Utama ( 2007 ) has studied on economic, societal and environmental benefits of agritourism for the local community, every bit good as the demand for agritourism among tourers in Bali, Indonesia. The purpose of the survey was to explicate the best schemes to introduce and construct up agritourism on Bali. Based on the survey, he has found that addition in income of agritourism husbandmans and occupation chances for local occupants, multiplier effects peculiarly for small-scale direct investings, beef uping local or regional constructions by making webs and the similar, stimulating physical substructure developments, increasing the diverseness of economic activities, raising consciousness of the value of an country, such as its landscape, nature and civilization, and the economic authorities, every bit good as bettering the substructure which enable to supply chances for other economic dev elopments. Furthermore, lending for the signifiers of agricultural merchandise betterments, and stimulations of other related touristry endeavors such as handcraft stores, eating houses, and adjustments, bettering the societal state of affairss of the local communities peculiarly poverty relief, diminishing unemployment every bit good as worsening urbanisation making nature preservation as one the sustainable touristry development indexs is contributed by agritourism development in Bali. Other parts such as international tourer arrival addition and bring forthing economic incomes are the functions of agritourism in using the sustainable touristry development in Bali. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed tonss to the betterment of economic system lives of the local communities in the signifiers of agricultural merchandises gross revenues, assorted of hand-made keepsakes or handcrafts sold for the tourers, opportunities to set up nutrient stables or eating houses and certain types of adjustment such as home-stay, cottage, Villa, and hotel, every bit good as small town development. With regard to economic system betterment, the stakeholders preponderantly agree that increasing agricultural merchandises are the most part generated from agritourism development with mean of 3.97. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed toward betterment of societal state of affairs. There are three indexs which empower the authority of agritourism development such as poorness relief, diminishing the figure of unemployment, and worsening the urban. The stakeholders largely agree that the Agritourism enables to relieve poornesss and diminish the unemployment since i t provides work chances which can assist to better the quality of the villagers lives. Not merely that, Agritourism has extremely played a function in using sustainable touristry development in Bali. Stakeholders preponderantly have agreed that the agritourism development contributes toward nature preservation as one of the of import ends of sustainable touristry ( sustaining nature, societal life, and civilization, every bit good as bring forthing income for the local societies ) . A In Malaysia, harmonizing to the survey of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, ( 2011 ) on Agritourism: Potential chances for husbandmans and local communities, agritourism has made a critical economic part to rural countries and communities though supplying local occupants with extra beginnings of income, diversifying the economic system and loaning prestigiousness to rural life. It enables many to see a fresh signifier of travel and leisure, to derive new consciousness and a positive attitude towards other universes, towards the environment and towards local people and their civilization. Harmonizing to Said et Al ( 2012 ) at Kampung Semarang small town in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to heighten the agricultural value of the farms and farm animal. It is besides to advance the small town as a new agri-based touristry finish, which would hike the criterion of life amongst the husbandmans and villagers lending for the local development. Besides, Hamzah et.al. , ( 2012 ) in their survey on soc io-economic impact potency of agritourism activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community life in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potency of lifting the consciousness of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is assisting to heighten the societal authorization, beef up the community, diversify and escalate economic activities, provide occupation chances and alleviate poorness in that community. A rural development plan named rural subject small town in Korea is chiefly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon ( 2006 ) have studied on this plan and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernisation process of the national economic system. And besides, it has given penetrations to both husbandmans and policymakers to follow a broader position than the hither to agricultural merchandise oriented attitude of rural development. In Thailand, Srisomyong ( 2010 ) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and tried to use all their resources to be to the full of benefit from the growing of touristry. Some activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A chief chance for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could besides propose that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Gross generated from them tends to be in a community, therefore at that place has a little escape of income. A survey in the province of Haryana ( India ) has discovered that agritourism aid to acquire employment chances, put stashing on waysides, sustainability for agribusiness proper, assorted beginnings of income, aid husbandmans to heighten their cognition. As it is a new endeavor with less competition it is concern activity as compared to traditional agriculture less land with low productiveness can give more returns maintain natural resources as alimentary excavation is less and dirt preservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution jobs to environment, better wellness and it protects local heritage and civilization ( Shehrawat, 2009 ) . Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, ( 2012 ) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an advanced signifier of rural touristry, in the context of rural market as it can positively act upon regional development through bring forthing big scale employment and extra income beginnings to the skilled and unskilled. Developing touristry in rural countries increases engagement of the hapless and brings wider benefits for the whole community. Besides, it is a sustainable gross bring forthing merchandise for rural market via inflowing resources from urban to the rural economic system. It can forestall migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialised signifier of rural touristry in rural market. Harmonizing to Murangwa ( 2010 ) in India, agritourism informs as an built-in portion in prolonging the economic systems. Agritourism is a cardinal component of environmentally and socially duty of touristry in rural countries and leads to rural diversified economic system in footings of substructure development such as touristry installations like Accommodation and eating houses, roads, public-service corporations like H2O and electricity, telecommunication, wellness centres among others. Creation of occupations and increased income for the local people. When all these information are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an of import function in touristry sector and it has able to lend for rural development in important degree in many contexts. The development states should therefore consider agritourism as emerging signifier of touristry that would doubtless take to rural development every bit good as complementing other signifiers of touristry bing in their states ( Murangwa, 2010 ) . Furthermore, in literature reappraisal, it was noted that agritourism is in a place to give better consequences under the favourable conditions particularly where appropriate policies and plans are available. Therefore, suited strategic programs is indispensable to the minimize negative impacts and optimise the positive impacts and to make sustainable development in future. Development of Agrotourism in Armenia ( Kristina Beglaryan teithe.academia.edu/ /Development_of_Agrotourism_in_Armenia aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Excess information 1.4. Multifunctional agribusiness as a manner for rural development Harmonizing to a figure of writers ( Lowe et al 2002 ; Durand and Huylenbroeck 2002 ; and others ) multifunctionality could besides be considered as a third manner for rural development, alternate to the opposing progressive and interventionist theoretical accounts. Nevertheless, multifunctionality differs from the rural development attack ( referred to as the new paradigm , the network paradigm or integrated rural development by these writers ) in that it remains chiefly targeted upon agribusiness and agricultural endeavors. Some writers underscoring the importance of the agricultural sector suggest that, although constructed under the new paradigm, agribusiness and husbandmans are still cardinal to rural development success. Van der Ploeg et Al ( 2000 ) , for illustration, edifice on the literature and practical experiences agree that rural development procedures can affect many different histrions, yet reject the impression that rural dev